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THE HEREDITY OF 

Dual Purpose Cattle 

A Study in Farm Economics 
Based on Red Polled Records 
From 1808 to 1915 i^ 




DEMOCRAT PRESS 
RICHLAND CENTER 
■WISCONSIN 






COPYRIGHTED BY 

RED POLLED CATTLE CLUB OF AMERICA 

NINETEEN EIGHTEEN 



m ^^ '^'^ 






" I 



Byr HENRY F. EUREN 

Founder of the Red Polled Herd Book 

Owner 15 Years; 25 Years Editor 



THE RED POLLED CATTLE CLUB 

OF AMERICA 

FOUNDED NOVEMBER 24, 1883 

Q □ □ 

THE RED POLLED SOCIETY 

OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND 

FOUNDED APRIL 21, 1888 



PREFACE 



The fact that full particulars of the formation and development 
of a new breed of cattle in the last century are yet available is my 
apology for presenting the following essay on the Heredity of Dual 
P*urpose Cattle as illustrated by the Red Polled. In preparing the 
facts and figures which are set forth in the narrative, I have been 
fortunate in working upon a system of registration of pedigree unlike 
any form that existed before the year 1874. The plan was feasible 
fi'om the fact that the Norfolk and Suffolk Polled Cattle were not 
being bred outside the borders of the two counties. Also that it was 
possible to glean evidence from men who had both seen and aided 
in the interfusion of the old variety and the new; that had been skil- 
fully evolved from the mixture of two types of cattle that had existed 
in Norfolk from the olden time. 

That the new variety has won a permanent place in the world 
is evidenced by the fact that while in 1874 there were only four Red 
Polled Cattle in America, and these imported in the previous Decem- 
ber, the issue of the American edition of the Herd Book, which con- 
tains names, number, and pedigi'ee of the cattle bom in the year 
ending December 31st, 1915, contains the register of Bulls 27083 to 
28851, of Cows 40265 to 42651. At the close of the year 1889 there 
were 132 bulls and 276 cows. In the following three years, when 
American breeders had begun a co-operation of registration with the 
British, the number had been increased by 849 bulls and 996 cows. 
Of the total register in Vols. 7 to 18, the American registry was some 
7,500 bulls and 9,000 cows. The Red Polled Cattle Club of America 
had its separate register as from January, 1901, opening with the 
bull register number 8909, cow register number 17878. There has 
thus been an increase in the last fifteen years of Red Polled Cattle 
in use in the United States (a very few only in the Dominion of Can- 
ada) : Bulls 19,943, cows, 24,774. 

Professor C. H. Eckles, of Missouri, in his book on "Dairy Cattle 
and Milk Production," says of the Red Polled in America: — 

"They have won their way entirely by their merits, and 
are increasing rapidly in those States where dual-purpose 
cattle are in demand. They are the most typical and most 
popular of the real dual-purpose breeds." 

Further evidence of the practical value of the breed as it has 
spread abroad in the United States is seen in the pages now laid be- 
fore the student of Fann Economics. The Cattle Club Directors, being 



informed that I was preparing an essay on the progressive develop- 
ment of the breed in its several aspects, readily assented to the Club's 
aiding its issue, in print — a resolution for which I most heartily thank 
them. 



Four and twenty years ago it needed a protest, through an in- 
fluential live stock journal, to compel an American official to do jus- 
tice. A few men had sent their Red Polled cattle to Chicago to com- 
pete in a Fanner's Cow class. The upholders of some other breeds 
manifestly sought to kill rivalry, and hoped to d"^ so by ignoring the 
new-comers. But the truth had to be made known from the "misplaced" 
papers on which was the noting of points by the judges. In the fol- 
lowing year the trick was more cleverly arranged. And from the 
year 1903 there has been no Farmer's Cow class. That "taboo" was 
the determination would seem to be evidenced by records of tests 
and experimental trials made in the United States and in the Domin- 
ion of Canada. But the couple of sentences quoted above, from Prof. 
Eckles, show that the lowly men who knew their business have held 
on their way, and have won in the contest. The Jean Du Luth Farm 
managers have also set a much-needed example by their resolve, as 
from Jan., 1911, to make whole-herd records, and to systematize the 
tests for Advanced Registry. It is an unquestionable fact that the 
Red Polled has come to stay, with Dual-Purpose written on the breed's 
banners. So much for America. 

On this side the Atlantic one regrets to say there has been much 
less determination to uphold a good cause. From the year 1891 — 
three years after tlie Red Polled Society was formed and acquired 
the Herd Book — the Council, recognizing that the inherited qualities 
of the cow as a milk and butter producer was a matter of great im- 
poi-tance in the selection of a bull, not only printed the milk records 
without any charge to the owner of the herd, but also issued separately 
the pages containing the records, with live weights of fatted steers 
and heifers, as the best means of advertising the merits of the Red 
Polled. This was the practice until the close of the 1907 record. For 
some time past, however, an advertising rate has been charged for 
the publication of the year's milk; and there is no record of the live 
weights of cattle at the Noi-wich and Smithfield Club shows. "Dublin 
Castle" controllers of aided agriculture in Ireland have from the be- 
ginning of their muddling not cared to know of the existence of the 
Red Polled. A Co. Mayo breeder ciuoted in this essay has made that 
plain. English officialism has copied "Dublin Castle." It knows noth- 
ing of the facts and figures which are presumably the base of a fann 
economy that is to be an advantage to the community as well as a 
profit to the land cultivator. It has refused to acknowledge the "Red 
Poll" Society when it asked to have its 30 years old systematic milk 
recording recognized, as it recognizes much more recent and less 
complete plans. And by other devices there would seem to be an 
endeavor to foster the interests of a section at the cost of the mass, 



in the expectation thereby to do for the Red Polled breed what has 
been done for the Yorkshire Polled, the Irish Polled, and other va- 
rieties of cattle which were doing good service before the Shorthorn 
was in existence. 

I ask the consent of my readers to a challenge of an impartial 
investigation of my assertion that the battalion of Facts and Figures 
drawn up in their varied ranks in this essay uphold the declaration 
of the Missouri professor that the Red Polled cattle are "The most 
typical of the Real Dual Purpose Breeds." 

Red Polled Cattle have been exported to South America, South 
Africa, Australia, and to other distant lands, while at home they 
are extending the area of their iniluence. 



It has been my aim in presenting the long array of Milk Records 
to show what progress has been made in a section of Farm Economics 
which has been well-nigh neglected. An endeavor to create a sen- 
sation, by publishing a big record made in a year, has been all too 
common a fault, and the principles of evolution have been almost 
forgotten. Where I have set down an average of yields, the annual 
total yields have varied but little during the period named; excep- 
tional returns being quoted apart, and not included for the making 
of a heavy average. In all cases the number of days when milk was 
yielded is stated within parentheses, so that the duration of the lac- 
tation period can be known. As evidence that a record of one day's 
milk yield in each week, carried on during the days of lactation, will 
approximate to the year's record, I have given in full the daily yield 
in 1882-3 of the young cow 1451 Davy 27 — HI. That the hardly less 
important recording of butter-fat contents may be truly estimated 
by a couple of brief trials the Vermont Experimental Station has 
demonstrated. Its conclusions are quoted in the supplementary pages 
of the essay. A photo-snapshot of the fully developed cow, kept for use, 
should complete the breeder's knowledge whether there is progress, 
or a standstill, which means loss of capital. 

The not less important question — from the view of the believer 
in Farm Economics- — of the cost of food consumed has been under 
examination and test for many years at American University Experi- 
ment stations. At the Minnesota Station such work has been carried 
on from 1893. The bulletins unfortunately, ignore the Dual-Purpose 
cow. Possibly it will now have its turn. Then, there should be 
a good practical manual made ready for the British farmer. I have 
in a supplement to the essay, tried to cast some light on the food 
question by re-printing results which were the outcome of the Buffalo 
Pan-American Exposition Six Months Test in 1901. Averages of each 
of the ten breeds were quoted at the time. But for a knowledge of 
what the test really meant, I have given the return by each of the 
fifty cows: Fifteen dual-purpose cows, twenty generally recognized 
as dairy cows, and fifteen localized as such. 



My thanks are due to Mr. R. Hai"vey-Mason, of Necton Hall; 
Mr. C. F. Newton, of Saham Toney, Norfolk; Mr. J. B. Chevallier, 
of Aspall Hall, Suffolk; Mr. Fraser Meadows, Thomville, Co. Wex- 
ford; Mr. Ralph E. Macan, Agent at Longford Castle, Wilts., and 
Mr. G. P. Grout, of Duluth, Minn., for material by which to complete 
my records. My detailed list of Milk Records, and my Full Pedigree 
tables with a Breed Analysis of each of the Cows and Bulls named 
there, will be available to students of heredity in the local collection 
of the Nonvich Public Library, on whose shelves is a complete set of 
the United Kingdom Red Polled Herd Book. 

Breeders of Red Polled Cattle and students of Farm Economics 
can hardly fail to detect an inaccuracy here and there in the array 
of figures quoted from so large a mass of detail as that contained 
in the records of milk, butter-fat and beef, from which I have had to 
glean facts and figui-es. There has been a triple revise, and I trust 
this, my striving after accuracy, will be accepted as an apology for 
faults discovered. No small proportion of the credit for a clean page 
is due to Mr. George Abbs, the linotype operator and mechanic, in the 
employ of the "Noi'wich Mercury" Co., Ltd., who has striven to do 
his best: — "Honor to whom honor is due" in a task the like of which 
few men are called on to undertake. Henry F. Eui'en. 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



The Inheritance of Dual 
Purpose Cattle 



Before there is a consideration of the modem uses of cattle 
a brief statement of old-time practice may not be out of place. 

James E. Thorold Rogers, some time M. P., also Professor of 
Political Economy in the University of Oxford, in 1866 began publi- 
cation of "The History of Agriculture and Pinces in England," facts 
and figures collected from records extending from A. D. 1258-9 to 
1702-3. In 1884, "Six Centuries of Work and Wages: The History 
of English Labor," admirably presented these researches for the in- 
struction of the general public. His lectures on England's Economic 
History, as delivered at Oxford, yet more fu'.ly illustrated what it is 
desirable to be known of the Rise and Progress of more than one 
branch of Farm Economics. 

When Rome sought and ultimately won a footing in England 
they found there a great number of cattle. Probably they were being 
used in the cultivation of land — as was yet the practice when the 19th 
century opened. It is on record that Seneca, the philosopher, when 
he was Nero's helper in the government of the Roman Empire, en- 
ticed the Eceni and others of the Brythonic folk tilling the East 
Coagit lands, to "borrow of him vast sums upon fair promises of easie 
loan, and for repayment to take their own time, then on a sudden 
compelling them to pay all at once with great extortion." This may 
be taken as an illustration of the hazards which were the portion of 
the worker on the land while under the domination of Rome. When 
the Angeln folk took possession of the lands the natives who survived 
were enslaved, and became "landless men." The new settlers, having 
somewhat superior cattle, would use them as producers of milk, but- 
ter, and cheese, as well as in the ploughing of their land. In their 
turn, the English lords, when degraded by their Norman conquerors, 
who henceforth ruled the peasantry, increased the number of "land- 
less." Thorold Rogers says fann and manor accounts are numerous 
from "about the last ten or twelve years of the reign of Henry III," 
and the handwriting teils the expert the date "within a few years, 
whether its origin be Lancashire, Kent, Warwichshire, Norfolk, or 
Northumberland. . . . No other country possesses such a wealth 
of public records." 

We thus know that the serf had the use of some 12 acres of arable 
land with live stock thereon, and as a part of his rent had to till at 
least half an acre of his loid's land, while the cottagers were for the 
greater part of the year free laborers. In the course of time these 
landless folk acquired right of possession to the use of the lands they 
cultivated, and to the keeping of their cattle on the unenclosed lands 
— which in the course of years were termed common lands. Mr. 
Rogers says: 



10 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

The ox was kept for ploiig-h and di-aught, a few were kept for fattinp, but I 
consider that the amount of stock regularly fatted for the table was a very small 
percentage of the whole. They would be consumed only liy wealthy nobles and 
wealthy corporations, and as a matter of fact, fresh beef was put on the table only 
for a few months in the year. Much was killed and salted in November, but this 
beef was of jrrass-fed cattle. The ox, quit of skin, head and offal, did not weigh 
on an average more than 400 pounds, and was worth about lis. to sell. There was 
no attempt to improve the breeds of cattle. The maintenance of the bull was a 
necessity, and the use of the cow was for the dairy. I do not assert that there were 
not dilTerent bi-eeds, but I am sure that the difference was in the size, not in the 
(iiiality of the animals, and that there was no distinction made in the character 
of the breeds. 

There was hardiy a sensible difference between these old rates 
at which farm stock was sold and those when the 14th century closed. 
Dairy products were a little cheaper. In the course of time sheep 
breeding became the more profitable to the husbandman. The cot- 
tager found his advantage in his cow on the common until common 
lands were enclosed, in the 18th and early part of the 19th century, 
and the era of high rents and low wages set in. 

THE NEW DEVELOPMENT 

Dual Purpose is a modern descriptive term. When applied to a 
cow it is expressive of her inheritance of a tendency to yield milk 
that has a fair percentage of fat as a constituent of its solid contents, 
and an equal tendency to lay on flesh when fed for that particular 
purpose. It would seem to have been the ideal of the first improvers 
of the Longhorn Cattle of Derby — Sir Thomas Gresley and Mr. Prin- 
cep. Their ideal was fairly attained. But their successor in the work, 
the famous Robert Bakewell, of Dishley, Leicestershire, sought rather 
"tlie qualifications of beauty and utility of form, ciuality of flesh, and 
aptitude to fatten," neglecting to accompany these with the fostering 
of the equally important milk inheritance. Bakeweli's methods of 
selection and in-brceding, as a means of improving cattle, are said to 
have been attractive to the brothers Charles and Robert Collins, M^ho 
applied them to what was then known as the Teeswater breed, later 
as Durhams, after Charles Collins had, in 1783, visited Dishley. Some 
twenty years later Thomas Booth, of Killerby, and Thomas Bates, 
of Kirklevington, severally continued the work of improving the Dur- 
ham, by then termed the Shorthoni. Booth held to the Collins ideal, 
Bates preferred that of the dual purpose. At the same time John 
Reeve, of Wighton, Norfo.k, began his woi"k, first by hybridisation 
and then by selection, practically following on what we now know 
as the Mendelian law. His ideal correponded with that of Bates, but 
his material was of ([uite another type, so that the dual-purpose cow 
would seem to have been the Reeve ideal from the outset. Some two 
years before he I'etired from farniing he selected of "Durham" stock 
a young bull and five cows. He may have desired to try his ideal on 
this variety of cattle, but he could not carry it out, for they were sold 
with his other live stock in October, 1828. Sir Charles Knightley, at 
Fawsley, held to the dual-purpose in the Shorthorn herd which he built 
up in thirty years from about 1826, attaining "a splendid uniformity 
of type and abundant milking propeities." Mr. R. W. Hobbs, of Kelms- 
cott, is quoted as saying: "I consider that the Shorthorn should be a 
dual-purpose cow; that is, she should give a good quantity of milk, 
and, when dry, quickly make a good carcass of beef; and in this ca- 
pacity the dairy Shorthorn is excelled by no other breed." 

For some fifty years after the judges for the Royal Agricultural 
Society, in 1830, set what they deemed to be the standard points of 
Shorthorn cows and heifers that were competing as breeding stock, 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 11 

the tendency was in the direction of the Booth ideal. Judging, year 
by year, at most shows was thus on lines that, on the whole, corres- 
ponded with those that governed awards at the Smithfield Club an- 
nual shows. Li many herds, where fashion did n t rule, however, the 
dual-purpose was upheld. In recent years it has been more in favor, 
but with too little attention to the fact that inherited qualities may 
not be notable in every succeeding generation. "Like begets like" is 
not always in evidence. The miik and its butter-fat record should 
therefore be the i"ule for every cow in the herd. This was the rule 
in Lord Rothschild's Shorthorn herd at Tring Park from 1899, when 
it was added to the then existing herds of Jerseys and Red Polled, 
where milk recording had been maintained from October, 1891, with 
published lists year by year. Red Polled milk records of each cow's 
production in the herd began as from May 1st, 1886, and 
continue to this day. Moreover, as will be seen from following pages, 
there has been such a form of registration with group letters and 
family numbers that it is an easy matter to note the milk inheritance, 
whether it be through the dam or as influenced by the sire. The beef- 
making aptitude of a steer or heifer may be as systematically noted 
by the percentage of increase of live weight, as estimated by a com- 
parison of the recorded weight of the same animal when competing 
two years in succession. This is the only true means of reckoning, 
since the live weight of the calf usually varies according to the breed 
of the dam and sire. 

The qualities of beauty and utility of form, of respective types 
and breed of cattle, can now be seen pictured frequently, for the public, 
by photo process, and comparative estimates be determined. The 
money value of the other qualities can be determined by the net profit 
of milk and butter sold, when the cost of food is set down, or by the 
price per stone (of 8 lb. or 14 lb.), at which the fatted animal is bought 
by the trader at public auction. 



JOHN REEVE'S IDEAL: RED POLLED CATTLE. 

Just one hundred and ten years ago a tenant on the Holkham 
Estate, in North Norfolk, began to experiment on the hybridisation 
of cattle. John Reeve, a man then in his prime, had held Wheycurd 
Hall Farm, Wighton, by lease, since 1786. Thomas William Coke — 
"Coke of Holkham" — was a man who knew and valued a good tenant, 
though they differed in opinion in regard to cattle and sheep. John 
Reeve was one who evidenced independence; he bred neither Devon 
cattle nor Southdown sheep, which varieties of live stock Mr. Coke 
held to be the most suitable. Yet a new 21-year lease had been agreed 
on in 1806. Mr. Coke, at the Holkham Sheep-Shearing Dinner, to guests 
and tenants, presenting John Reeve the silver cup as breeder of the 
best Leicester wether said: — 

He could not neglect that public opportunity of returning his best thanks for 
the attention Mr. Reeve had paid to the improving his meadows by irrigation. He 
wished the public to notice that Mr. Reeve had expended 930 pounds on .35 acres of 
land; that he (Mr. Coke) had asked him if he, the landlord, should pay the expense, 
and fix such an additional rent as would procure him a fair interest for that ex- 
penditure ; and he was haiipy to assure them that his tenant had preferred retain- 
ing the land without any advance of rent, and declared that he would soon be repaid 
the whole princii>al. and that he should be amply rewarded, in having made that 
improvement, by the extraoi-dinax-y increase of produce. 

Arthur Young, in his "General View of the Agriculture of Nor- 
folk" (1804)' had said of John Reeve:— 



12 DUAL PUIirOSE CATTLE 

Every idea of this most accurate farmer merits much attention (p. 261). Mr. 
Reeve's farm is in such order that attention should be paid to his practice and 
opinions (p. 276). He may, perhaps, be considered as prince of grass land im- 
provers: he has very few rivals that have come to my knowledge (p. 375). 

John Reeve told Young that "he had kept a large dairy of cows," 
but thought them "the worst stock that can be kept on a farm, as 
turnips are drawn for them instead of being fed on the land, and more 
straw is eaten by them instead of being trodden than by any other 
stock." It is also evident that the two agriculurists had discussed 
the relative worth not only of Leicester and Southdown sheep, but 
also of varieties of cattle, for Arthur Young could not fail to tell 
Reeve that he had 

viewed a dairy at Mileham, Mr. Carrington's, the only one left in the country of 
the true old Norfolk breed of cattle —middle-horned, color red, in some not much 
unlike the Devon : as loose and ill-made as bad Suffolks. 

He quoted Marshall as "giving a much more favorable idea of 
those cattle" which he had seen in northeast Norfolk in 1780-2. It 
may be presumed that Reeve, in 1804, had thus learned from Young 
that, within a few miles, he might yet find the means of improving 
Norfolk cattle, rather than by adopting Devons or Durhams. The 
Norfolk Poll-book, of 1806, shows Reeve voting as "freeholder and 
occupier" at Wighton; in that of 1815 as "John Reeve, gent., free- 
holder and occupier;" and in 1837, nine years after he had retired 
from farming, as yet "freeholder and occupier" at Wighton. 

THE MATERIAL 

East Anglia, the name applied to the Norfolk and Suffolk area, 
is almost an island. Its cattle thus were, down t-^ '■.he early years of 
the 18th century, less likely to be a mixture of breeds than in most 
other parts of the Kingdom. Moreover, there prevailed a strong- 
feeling of antagonism against "off -comes" (to use an old English com- 
pound); and even fifty years ago "come from the shires" was an ex- 
pression of stout opposition. Cattle which were supposed to be de- 
scended from old-time farm herds were termed "Home-breds." Joiin 
Lawrence, a Colchester man, who had farmed near Bui-y St. Edmund's, 
in his "General Treatise on Cattle" (1805, 2d ed. 1801)"), says: — 

NORFOLK HOMEBREDS, so styled, since that county, from its great im- 
provement in cultivation, has ceased to be much of a breeding one, having found it 
generally more advantageous to purchase, are found, nevertlieless, to graze earlier 
and quicker than either the Scots or Welsh, so much inuse in Norfolk : and no 
cattle are said to make better proof, or to bear a higher character with the Smith- 
field salesmen, than Norfolk homebreds. 

• Lawrence would seem to have had small acquaintance with the 
notes on Norfolk made by William Marshall thirty years earlier, or 
his evidence on "home-breds" would have been quoted. Strange to 
say. David Low, in his voluminous work "On the Domesticated Ani- 
mals of the British Isles," is just as silent; though he was, in 1845, 
"Professor of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh." He how- 
ever, proves to be a good commentator on Marshall. 

That the northeastern low-lying, well-watered, fertile district of 
Norfolk was settled from beyond the sea long before Roman adminis- 
tration had ended is evidenced by "Danish camps," to protect the 
settlers, being near to the streams, that in this olden time were navig- 
able by "Viking" ships. It is thus that we may account for the "true 
old Norfolk breed of cows" which Arthur Young saw in 1804 in Mid- 
Norfolk and at Rainham, this last being a cow 36 years old, of which 
an oil painting was a few years ago yet at Rainham Hall. 

"Mr. Marshall," a Yorkshireman who had farmed in his native 
county, began his most useful career, as an observant, constantly 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 13 



enquiring reporter of local agricultural details, by being the agent 
of Col. Harboard on the Gunton Estate from August, 1780, to Novem- 
ber, 1782. In Vol. I of his "Pvural Economy of Norfolk" (1787), he 
generalizes the knowledge he had thus acquired; in Vol. II he recounts 
his many talks with East Norfolk farmers. He was not a dweller in 
the county long enough to pei'mit of his inspecting and reporting on 
other districts. Norwich and St. Faith's — the latter place on the oc- 
casion of the then famous cattle fair — were the extent of his move- 
ment outside the Eastern Coast area. In his most interesting book 
he says: — 

The native cattle of Norfolk are a small, hardy, thriving race, fatteninK as 
freely and finishing as hitchly at three years old as cattle in general do at four or five. 
They are small-boned, short-legged, round-barrelled, well-loined, thin-thighed, clean- 
chapped ; the head, in general, fine, and the horns clean, middle-sized, and bent upward ; 
the favorite color a blood-red, with a white or mottled face. The breed of Norfolk is 
the Herefoi'dshire breed in miniature. ... I have seen Norfolk spayed heifers, 
sent to Smithfield, as well as laid up, and as full in their points as Galloway or 
Highland "Scots" usually are: and If the London butchers be judges of beef, there 
are no better fleshed beasts sent to Smithfield Market. 

Professor Low, writing of the Zetland (Shetland) Islands, re- 
minds us that they were formerly Norwegian; and that the inhabi- 
tants, who were essentially Nonvegian until the 17th century, spoke 
the Norse language. Of the Shetland live stock he says: — 

The cattle are distinctly Norwegian in their characters, and a similar race 
extends to Iceland. They are small, but of very good form when pure, and fatten 
with great quickness when carried to superior ]>astures. Their horns are short. 
their skin soft, and their flesh is equal to that of any cattle produced in the British 
Islands. . . . The cows are tolerably good inilkers . . and in this respect they 
agree with the cattle of Jersey and the islands of the Channel which are likewise 
believed to be of Norwegian origin. 

The East Norfolk settlers, the "by folk," whose place names and 
personal names abound all over the area, we may assume to have 
been Lachmanni, whom the Irish chroniclers tenned "White Danes" 
as distinct from the Danars — "Black Danes," those who in the 8th 
century ravaged our lands. 

When the Pomans had left the East Anglian area, taking with 
them the Brython men-folk, to aid them in their struggles for power 
in Gaul, the Lachmanni must have taken possession of the, then num- 
erous harbors and water-ways. Place names — Norwich, Lowestoft, 
Dunwich, Aldeburgh, Ipswich, and others — record it. The wooded, 
inland districts were of little value to the sea-rovers. A new element 
entered, after the Geotas had shown that they could master the Ro- 
mano-Brythons and settled in Kent. The Englen, folk who dwelt on 
what was little better than a waste of heather and sand, in what we 
know as Schleswig, were not addicted to sea-roving and land-fighting. 
They, so Bede tells us — and he lived about a hundi'ed years after, in 
an area that had been settled by Englen folk^ — brought over their 
slaves, their cattle, and all of their live stock, leaving their home land 
without any living thing, and so it remained for a very long time. 
That these Englen came in families, one after the other, is evident 
from their place-names, "ing," denoting a family settlement with its 
bordering woodland, "the mark;" "-ham" denotes the later, and "-ton" 
the latest aggregation of families, until the East Coast was settled 
quite up to the Scoch border. Dr. E. A. Freeman, in his "Norman 
Conquest of England" (Vol. I, App. A.), shows that the Englen-name 
became the one name for the whole land, that wiiich had been mas- 
tered by Geotas, Seaxan and Frisan, as well as that quietly settled 
by Englen-folk. Hence our "England." 

The earliest settlers must have taken possession of the woodland 
of fairly rich soil, which extended some 25 miles westward from Dun- 



14 DUAL PURrOSE CATTLE 

wich, then the nearest harbor; that old port is now covered by the sea. 
The self-contained area, separated from the sea by the sea-rovers' 
settlements, became a famous dairy district of some 250 scjuare miles, 
known as High Suffolk. The second group of Englen Migrants would 
appear to have entered by the, then wide Yare estuary, and taken 
possession of Mid-Norfolk, a woodland, feitile district watered by 
the Wensum, which flows through Norwich. Later Englen immigrants 
would seem to have taken possession of Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Dur- 
ham, and Northumberland, with much of the land westward. 

As to the cattle, which according to Bede, the Englen brought 
across the North Sea: Herodotus asserts that the Scythians had in 
their lands cattle without horns, because of the cold, and Hippocrates 
says the Scythian chariots were drawn by oxen which had no horns. 
The Scythians, it is said, held the lands from the northern seas to 
Hungary. In 1869, Prince Leichtenstein visited Elmham, in Mid-Nor- 
folk, to buy Polled cattle with which to infuse fresh blood into the 
cattle which had been from time immemorial on his Transylvania 
estate. The English animals were, he said, like those cattle in polled 
character and color. In the summer of 1888 I found cattle hornless, 
and others similar to those which Low says were the Shetlanders, in 
equal numbers in a Norwegian mountain farmyard, some three miles 
north of Stalheim. They had that morning given an abundant flow 
of rich milk, and the herd was just then to be driven to the saeter 
for pasture. In 1880 polled cattle were seen by a visitor to Iceland, 
which was settled from Norway in the 9th century. Photographs of 
polled cattle were sent home in 1884 by American consuls as repre- 
senting live stock existing in named districts of northern and central 
Russia. It may thus- be fairly asserted that the Englen folks' cattle 
were polled, and that those which were in the early years of the 19th 
century respectively known as the "Suft'olk polled," "Norfolk polled," 
which last Lawrence says were "a most excellent breed, carrying vast 
"Northern and Yorkshire polled," which last Lawrence says were "a 
most excellent breed, carrying vast substance, and of great size," and 
as to which R. W. Dickson, M. D., in his "Improved Live Stock and 
Cattle Management" (182.5), bears similar testimony, adding that 
such polled stock were to be found as far south as Cambridge, were 
descended from these new-comers of the 6th century. 

William Camden, in 1.589, wrote, in Latin, and published his "Brit- 
tania." It was Englished in 1610 by Dr. Philemon Holland. Therein 
we may read : — 

SulVolk has a fat and fertile soil, with pastures as liattalile for grazing and 
■feeding of cattle: and great store of cheeses are there made, which, to the great 
commodity of the inhabitants, are vented into all parts of England, nay, into Ger- 
mania, France, and Spain also, as Pantaleon, the Phisitian, writeth, wlio stuck not 
to compare these of ours for taste both, with those of Placentia. 

John Speed, in the "Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain" 
(1611), says:— 

The commodities of this shire are many and great, whereof the chiefest con- 
sist of corn, cattle, pasturage . . and as Abbo Floricensis hath depainted . . 
above 600 years since, and now we find as he hath said, to which we may add their 
gain from the pail. 

Daniel Defoe, in his "Tour through the Eastern Counties of Eng- 
land" (1722), says:— 

At Woodbridge begins that part which is ordinarily called High Suffolk, which 
being a rich soil, is for a long tract of ground wholly employed in dairies, and then 
again famous for the best butter and perhaps the worst cheese in England. The 
butter is barrelled, or often pickled in small casks, and sold, not in London only, but 
I have known a firkin of Suffolk butter sent to the West Indies and brought back 
to England again, and has been perfectly good and sweet, as at first. . . . Tliis 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 15 

part of England is also remarkable for being the first where the feeding and fat- 
tening of cattle, both sheep and black cattle with turnips, was first practised in 
England. 

Arthur Young having- come into possession of the Bradfield Hall 
Home Farm (six miles south of Eury St. Edmund's), in the follow- 
ing January, 1786, visited Aspall Hall, the home of the Chevallier 
family, to make a close inspection of dairy farms and farming. His 
"Minutes" are printed in Vol. V, "Annals of Agriculture. They relate 
to twelve of the twenty-nine parishes which were the headquarters 
of the dairies of High Suffolk. He says of the polled cattle: — 

The points they generally admire hei-e, are a clean throat, with little dewlap ; 
a snake head ; clean, thin legs, and short ; a springing rib and large carcass ; a good 
loin, the hip-bones to lie square and even ; and the tail to rise high from the rump. 
In respect to color no particular rule, except an idea that light ones indicate ten- 
derness. In size a preference of small cows. 

In his "General View of the Agriculture of Suffolk" (1792) he 
says: "This is the description of some considerable dairymen," and 
he varies it in some particulars. The more noteworthy of these, 
"udder large, loose, and creased when empty; milk-veins remarkably 
large, and rising in knotted puffs to the eye," are notable yet, espec- 
ially in the detail of milk-veins. "The best milkers I have known 
have either been red, brindle, or yellowish cream colored" — the old 
time designation of this last was "dun." 

Marshall's analysis of the form of the Norfolk "homebred" ap- 
plied to the form of the best Norfolk Polled of 1860, save that they 
were hornless, and that their milk-veins were largely developed. Not 
a few, however, were too high on the leg, with an uneven carcase, a 
narrow loin, and the backbone ridged. Young noted only one polled 
herd in his Norfolk "General View," and that would appear to have 
been a mixture of Suffolk and Scot, as it came from Euston, the Duke 
of Grafton's seat. Yet Michaelmas sale advertisements of farm stock 
■ — a great feature in an agricultural area — year after year, from 1778, 
evidence that there were in the county dairies of polled cows. Six 
such herds were sold in 1802; and in 1804, when Young was taking 
his "General View," no fewer than thirteen, most of which were on 
farms in Mid-Norfolk. Lord Sondes' Elmham Estate had only polled 
cattle. They had been the favorite "homebred" for nobody knew 
how long. When early in the 19th centurey he came to Elmham, 
Lord Sondes asked Mr. Coke's counsel as to what he knew only as 
"homebreds." The advice received was to hold to the stock. One who 
had been more than eighty years tenant of a farm at Gately, and was 
in his hundredth year when he died, on March 1st, 1872, said from 
his earliest recollection the only cattle on the estate were red and 
polled. At Elmham Hall, when I was making my enquiries for the 
first issue of a Herd Book, I was shown by Lord Sondes an oil paint- 
ing, dated 1836, of two polled oxen which were bi'ed and grazed on 
the Home Farm. The bullocks were depicted of a good red color, each 
had a spot of white between the fore-legs, white under the belly and 
on the jowl, and with a few white hairs in the tuft or crest of hair 
hanging over the forehead. An inscription read:— 

Exhibited at Fakenham Agricultural Show, obtained two prizes, and allowed 
to be the best homebreds ever shown under four years old. Killed by G. Nicholson ; 
weighed 187 st. 8 lbs. 

The earliest mention in an advertisement of such stock as "Nor- 
folk Polled" occurs in the year 1818. The cows declared to be "al- 
most unequalled," wei'e bred on the good land which bordered the 
county on the north side of the river Waveney. 



16 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

THE EXPERIMENT 

John Reeve had not ended his irrigation preparations when Young 
visited his farm. Reeve had told him tliat he "liad kept a herd of 
dairy cows," wliich he had found to be wasteful stock. The 35 acres 
of prime pasture, the outcome of irrigation, might put dairying in a 
brighter place in farm economy. But then came in the fact that while 
there was a rapidly increasing demand for Norfolk "homebreds" for 
the London market, the practice of spaying "homebred" heifers, which 
had been pursued for many years, endangered it. Was it possible 
to breed a cow \\'hich would be prime both as a producer of milk and 
butter, and as dam of stock that from the butcher's point of view 
would be equal to the nearly extinct "homebred ?" Marshall had put 
on record that the mating of the "Norfolk native, hardy, thriving 
cows" with the Suffolk polled bull gave "an increase of size and an 
improvement of form," but a diminution of hardihood and of the apti- 
tude to fatten cjuickly at an early age. Further, he held that what 
we term environment — the "soil, climature, and system of manage- 
ment" should be a primary consideration. We may be sure that 
Reeve pondered the problem. 

It was then the custom of the Norfolk farmer to ride on his cob 
to Nonvich for the Saturday market. There he might take counsel 
with men who had full knowledge of the "homebreds." Such men 
were not rare. We have in the record of the Holkham Sheep Shearing 
dinners, that Mr. Coke, in 1812, read the award of two farmers who 
acted as judges in a contest at Hopton, near Yarmouth. James Thur- 
tell had accepted a challenge, a wager of 20 pounds, that a pair of 
his bullocks of "the native Norfolk breed" would "plough 12 acres in 
12 successive journeys of 5 hours each." The trial began on Monday, 
June 8th, and ended on Saturday, loth. The judges reported that 
14 acres, 2 roods, 22 poles — 3^2 furrows to each yard, except 6 furrows, 
7 inches deep were "ploughed clean, and in a husbandry manner." 
This James Thurtell had bred, and, in 1810, had slaughtered a "home- 
bred" of 103 St. 6^2 lbs.: the hide and head weighed 7 st. 8 lbs. A 
month earlier another "homebred, bred at Ormesby, gave as carcase 
weight 150 st. 5 lbs. (14 lbs. to the stone): ciuarters 116 st., loose 
fat 19 St. 13 lbs., hide 10 st. 3 lbs., head 12 st. 10 lbs., tongue 12 lbs.: 
the best bullock ever bred and grazed in Norfolk, and not five years 
old" (Nonvich Mercury," June 19th, 1810). Thurtell at the dinner 
spoke to Mr. Coke and his guests of the worth of the "Norfolk breed," 
of which "he had many years full knowledge." Doubtless there were 
others with whom John Reeve talked ere he resolved to buy a num- 
ber of polled homebreds, of which as we have mentioned there was in 
the autumn of 1804 an ample choice within a few miles of Wighton. 
When the new lease was resolved on he would appear to have secured 
the sei-vice of a blood-red Norfolk "homebred" bull with which to 
mate his dairy cows. These we may guess were the facts; no record 
exists that was known to Richard England, his grandson. (This Mr. 
England was the third of the name to own and cultivate the wealthy, 
well-watered Binham "Abbey Farm," an area that from the close of 
the 11th century was owned by a few Benedictine monks. The west 
front of their beautiful priory yet stands. To him I owe my earliest 
knowledge of the beauties and points of the Red Polled of today, and 
the speedily formed resolve to establish a Herd Book). 

HYBRIDISATION 
The first well-grounded result of John Reeve's experiment in 
hybridisation that has come down is that on July 1st, 1808, he met 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 17 



his fellow members of the East Norfolk Agricultural Society at Swaff- 
ham, and showed them a bull of his own breeding. In the advertised 
official report of the awards we read: — 

The stock shown was not numerous, but excellent of its kind. The ]iremiums 
adjudged were . . . for the bull (one only being shown) to Mr. J. Reeve, of 
Wig-hton. This breed is a new kind, partaking of the best qualities of the Suffolk 
and Devon and the old Norfolk. It has no horns, is of a true Devon or Norfolk 
red, and will get stock that will fatten to about 50 or (iO stone, with as Kttle coarse 
meats as can be expected. 

A further development was evidenced at the Holkham Sheep 
Shearing in June, 1810, when the choicest stock oi landlord and ten- 
ants were shown. The county newspapers reported as follows: — 

Mr. Reeve showed his Norfolk bull and two-year-old heifers, which convinced 
every person who saw them to what a height of perfection bi'eeding may be carried 
on by care in selection. Mr. Reeve's Norfolk bull was greatly admired as an ani- 
mal of very superior bone and points, and his heifers are such as few men can 
exhibit. 

Mr. Reeve, of Wighton, showed a real Norfolk bull, four years old, "a noble 
beast," of his own breeding, being a short, compact animal, small in bone and 
great in bulk, of the Devonshire color. 

It may be supposed that subsequently Mr. Coke and Mr. Reeve 
had a talk as to the worth of "the new breed," and especially of the 
heifers as producers of prime "homebred" beef. The end of it was 
a challenge to Reeve to show one of his heifers against a Holkham- 
bred Devon heifer; the premium, a money wager. Accordingly, after 
the Thurtell incident, above noted, the company went to inspect Mr. 
Coke's five-year-old Devon and Mr. Reeve's three-year-old Norfolk 
homebred. A large number put down their money to support their 
estimate of the carcase weight of the Devon. On Wednesday the first 
business was to see the carcases of the two heifers. The reporters 
give the names of two persons who estimated the exact weight of 
the Devon carcase, but never a word of the more interesting detail: 
"Who won the wager?" The American Minister, Mr. Russell, who 
was one of the guests, may have written home this detail of his Nor- 
folk holiday, but he could not have anticipated that the "Norfolk 
red polled homebred" was, just a century later to have thousands of 
representatives in the United States. Our present day interest is in 
the record of those carcase weights which may be compared with the 
weight of similarly bred animals of today. The newspapers give these 
figui'es : — 

DEVON .5-year-old. NORFOLK .3-year-old. 

St. lbs. St. lbs. 

Forequarter 14 :) Forequarter 1 ;! .5 

Forequarter 11 S P^orequarter 113 11 

Hindquarter 13 111 Hindi|uarter I] 12 

Hindquarter 13 VI Hindquarter 11 12 

56 5 49 12 

Tallow 8 St, 11 lbs. Tallow 8 st. 

14 lbs. to the stone. 

Dr. Rigby, a Norwich physician, in a pamphlet on farm eco- 
nomics, states that he, as one of a large party of guests, was taken 
by Mr. Coke, in July, 1818, to see at Wighton, a herd of Devons and 
on the adjoining farm Mr. Reeve's cattle, "bred from Norfolk stock 
with probably a cross from the Suffolk: they are very fine." 

Though the first trial at hybridising gave to all appearance the 
results that had been sought, there came with the following genera- 
tions abundant occasion for judgment in selection. Reeve's skill was 
made plain in September, 1828, when his farming days were ending. 
There was issued the general invitation in these tenns: — 



18 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

Sale of Mr. Reeve's stock, at Wheycurd Hall Farm, Wi.ii:hton — Eleven match- 
less blood-red cows in calf, two three-year-old heifers in call', eleven two-year-old 
heifers in calf, and a two-yeai--oId hlood-red bull, one of the most perfect animals 
in the Kingdom. 

In the work of breeding and selection Reeve had from the year 
1810 the aid of the Hudsons (fellow tenants), and of Mr. G. B. George, 
farming at Eaton, on the Norwich county border, whose stock in 1822 
were so many that he sold by auction twelve blood-red polled cows 
and a year-old blood-red polled bull. Richard England, John Reeve's 
aider, had by 1817 bought the Binham Abbey Farm, and his son 
Richard then occupied it. Soon after, this young farmer married 
Reeve's daughter, and thenceforward joined in the breeding and se- 
ection of the stock until 1844 — some time after Reeve's death. His 
son Richard recalled in June, 1873, the memory of "thirty cows of a 
beautiful red. I doubt if there are any better at the present time." 
That the Reeve stock were used by a number of breeders from 1813 
on their old style polled "homebred," and that his son John bred them 
at Walsingham would seem to be the fact. 

The County Societies, however, ignored them till 1846, providing 
classes for Devons, Shorthorns, and Herefords, while Ayrshires were 
brought hi as dairy cattle. A fair number of Suffolk men were more 
liberal in their support, but so late as January, 1862, others would 
be content even with a cross-bred if only it was poUtd and born in 
Sufi'olk. Fortunately, the Council of the R. A. S. E. ended this bit 
of localism by requiring for the 1862 show, to be held in what is now 
Battersea Park, London, that the cattle, which had in previous years 
been competitors in the "Any Other Breed" classes, should be ex- 
hibited as "Norfolk and Suffolk Red Polled." 

Continuous progress was delayed by the outbreak of rinderpest 
in 1866-77. Well-bred herds fell victims, and but for the selection 
in the year 1864, by Benjamin Brown, a small Thursford farmer, 
there would have been no certainty that any of the Reeve stock yet 
existed. 

THE GROUNDWORK 

The lovers of the "Red Polled" — under which title the Herd Book 
was issued when the cattle had won a place in the United States — 
have to thank a few men on each side of the Atlantic for their en- 
thusiasm in making good the damage that has been sustained by the 
"new breed;" and yet others for their care in recording the results by 
which to dernonstrate what heredity has done for it. 

When my olfer to prepare a Herd Book was accepted by breeders 
in the N. A. A. Showyard, in June, 1873, no Standard Description was 
available. A small company met in Norwich and drafted what was 
needed. They were not very hopeful of success, since they knew that 
very few records had been kept. Newspaper duties leaving Saturdays 
available, I visited many of the breeders, and week by week gave 
the public the information thus acquired. Interest was aroused. 
This led to the Rev. George Gilbert, Vicar of Claxton, near Norwich, 
one of the few amateurs who had mastered Shorthorn pedigrees, and 
whom "The Field" accordingly retained for its cattle department, to 
call on me. Being of a very old Norfolk family, to whom stock and 
breeding was a pleasure, he offered his aid. We examined all avail- 
able Herd Books, and were agreed that most of them were wanting 
in definiteness. In view of what my personal enquiries and notes 
made available, Mr. Gilbert suggested the grouping of cows into 
families, arranging the groups under Place or Personal Names, each 
Foundation Cow in a Group having a number added to the Group 
letter as its ancestress of a Family. 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 19 

It follows that the lineal descent, whether of dam or the bull with 
which it was mated, is seen at a glance. Given the Register No. and 
the Group letter wuth its attendant number, and the searcher for facts 
has his path clear. In the second part of the Foundation Volume of 
the Herd Book, a Register No. was set down before the name of every 
cow, that of the bull following the name. Later the pedigree was so 
printed as to show the descent to the third generation and the state- 
ment of the number of generations recorded from the Foundation 
Cow. The name and register number of sire and its sire are also seen 
in each pedigree. By this plan present-day breeders group their 
cattle in the Herd List. The groups now represented are: — 

A. Elmham, B. Biddell, C. Cranmer, D. Cley. E. Eaton. F. Easton, H. Ham- 
mond, I. Hudson, K. Kimberlev, L. Mileham, M. Marham, N. Necton. O. Oakley, 
and Thornham, P. Powell, Q. .Stalham. R. Starston, S. Stoke, T. Thursford, U. West 
Suffolk. V. East Suffolk. W. Wolton, X. Trimley, 1 Norf. Pond, 2 Norf. Mann. 5 
Norf. Ransom, 7 Norf. Hill, 1 Suff. Baker, 2 Suff. Boon, 4 Suft". Lock, 5 SutY. Mum- 
ford, 6 Suff. Sheppard. 7 Suff. Wilson, 9 Suff. Wolton. 

For the study of the heredity of the Red Polled, as evidenced by 
its milk production and its beef production, I have prepared the ex- 
tended pedigree of each of 29 cows bred in the United Kingdom, and 
of 11 in the United States. These are for the most part in chrono- 
logical order, so as to show where pedigrees coalesce. Further, I 
have assumed as fact, that for a very long time, the polled "home- 
bred" of Norfolk was separate from the polled Suffolk, while all the 
Red Polled since 1873 have had an infusion of the Reeve blood-red 
breed. The proportion of each of these three elements in each of the 
several cows and bulls named in the extended pedigrees has been 
worked out. In a few cases the total is 1,000: in all the others 999.9 
and a fraction. The stock whose breeding could not be even guessed 
at, save that it was pure, have been cpunted as N. 1,000 for Norfolk; 
S. 1,000 for Suffolk; RP. 800, for the Reeve hybridisation. The excep- 
tions may be thus set down: — Elmham, A. (Home Farm), from 1854, 
N. 800, S. 200; Powell P., from 1845 to 1870, N. 200, R. P. 800; Eaton, 
E., to the year 1850, N. 300, R. P. 700; after 1850, N. 300, S. 200, RP. 
500; Hudson, I., N. 750, RP. 250; Oakley and Thornham, O., S. 800, 
RP. 200; Starston, Rl, N. 300, S. 500, RP. 200; Glemham, V 8—14, N. 
600, S. 400. Some cows to be seen in 1873-4 appeared to have a good- 
ly proportion of R. P. blood, but in the absence of recorded facts they 
have been set down as 1,000. 

Facts and figures are here presented to show heredity and milk 
production. Then follow details of the breeding of the more note- 
worthy bulls which have been mated with the cows, so as to suggest 
to students of heredity possible grounds for an increased return of 
milk, or for an increase of the live weight and the dressed carcase of 
the Red Polled dual purpose cattle; with the no less important consid- 
eration of the cost of feeding' for milk and beef respectively. 

MILK RECORDS 

There have been published 2,150 records of milk production since 
May 1st, 1886. The rule of the Herd Book being "all or none," every 
cow which came into full profit had to appear in the Herd Records 
sent for publication year by year. In the United States, since Decem- 
ber, 1908, there has been a system of "Advanced Registry," based 
on the monthly return to the secretary for a term of 365 days, with 
inspection by persons appointed by the Board of Directors. 

The daily record of milk production of a whole herd was a very 
rare thing in 1880, when Mr. R. Hai'vey Mason, who had then come 
into possession of the Necton Hall Estate, began the practice. He 



20 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



had made his selection of Necton-bred Red Polled cattle at the public 
auction in the prevous October. When I prepared for Messrs Cassell 
& Co. (Ltd.) an article on "Red Polled for the Stall and the Dairy," 
to appear in the "Live Stock Journal Almanac" of 1883, Mr. Mason 
kindly furnished me with precise details of milk production. Being 
at Bale, to choose from Mr. John Hammond's well-known "Davy" 
family a heifer, for the group of 10 heifers which I was in July, 
1882, "asked by Col. J. B. Mead and Mr. Robert J. Kimball to select 
for their farm in Vermont, Mr. Hammond, who was a veterinary 
sui'geon as well as a farmer, kindly met my recfuest to record the 
milk yield of 1451 Davy 27th — HI. The cow which had produced her 
second calf, on August 16th, had such an escutcheon as the Guenon 
theory held to be the sign of a good milk yielder. The record was 
made to April 30th, 1883, when, by Messrs. Cassell & Co.'s permission, 
I was pei'paring the "Almanac" article for re-issue in the second 
volume of the Herd Book. A monthly summary of the yield of four 
cows in the Didlington herd from September 1st, 1882, to May 21st, 
1883, was also kindly made for me. These last were of the families 
B 9, B 10, B 20, and V 2. In this way I was enabled to give the public 
milk records which were evidence of heredity then well-nigh unpar- 
alleled, (My American readers will find these records, with well- 
nigh all my reprinted article, and also a re-production of the beauti- 
ful wood-cut of a group of Red Polls drawn from three separate 
photographs for the L. S, J. Almanac, contributed by one with whom 
I had no communication direct or indirect, and put forth by him as 
original, in the "United States Consuhsr Reports: Cattle and Dairy 
Farming," issued in 1888). Further, it is v.'ell to note that in the 
"Live Stock Journal," annually from May, 1887, milk records of 
whole Red Polled herds were published; that in 1887 a similar record 
of the Whitlingham Herd — prepared by me at Mr. Garrett Taylor's 
request — was circulated among the nirmbex's of the "British Dairy 
Farmers' Association," then visiting Norwich' and that from June, 
1800, the publication of "whole herd" Milk Records was authorized 
by the Red Polled Society, Vv-hich bad b en established in April 1888. 
Yet a Scotch authority on Milk Records asserts that "the present 
system of taking milk records originated in Vejen, a small parish 
in that pai't of Denmark known as Jutland . . . in the beginning 
of the year 1895," and that it was also begun in Holland and in Swe- 
den in 1897. It is a matter of fact which anvbodv may see in Vol. 
XIII of the Red Polled Herd Book (Vol. VIII of the American edition) 
that in the year 1895 there were 13 whole herd milk Red Polled records 
(320 cows) laid before tlie public, all well authenticated. I can per- 
sonally vouch for the truth of the Whitlingham record of the 126 
cows for that year. I regularly inspected the milking- from time to 
time, was supplied with the weekly and monthly sheets; calculated 
the total returns, and made full notes witli grass feed results, for 
an annual issue by Mr. Taylor, on milk yield totals and inheritance, 
year by year, from 1887 to the spring of 1904. It may perhaps, be 
granted that my voluntary work of the kind was equal to that of a 
paid official, who probably has had fewer opportunities of acquiring 
knowledge. 

PROGRESSIVE MILK INHERITANCE 

The foundation of Al Family in the Elmham Group was 427 
Primrose. She was in the herd when, in the fifties,' Mr. Thomas 
Fulcher was appointed Estate Agent, with direction of the home 
farms. He found Live Stock Account Books from the year 1849, 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 21 

The herd was then one Polled bull, ten Polled cows, and 36 head of 
young stock. Primrose was set down as a young heifer. She was 
bred regularly to June, 1874, had a good name as a milker, and in 
May, 1875, though then 26 years old, she may have added yet further 
to the herd, but fell into a water hole and was drowned. From three 
of her progeny, bought at Elmham sales, were descended the 40 cows 
whose milk records have been published. (To economize space the 
number of days recorded is printed within parentheses). 

Mr. T. Brown, founding a herd at Marham, bought 332 Mar- 
guerite, whose sire was a Royal Eaton-bred bull. Her gr.-dr. 329 
Maggie gave birth to two cows, each bv a P3 bull: 2382 Mistleto, 3d c, 
7,02f lb. (288), 7,310 lb. (284); and 3002 Modesty, 7,259% lb. (407), 
7,61714 lb. (330), 5th c, 12,258V-i lb. (584). Mistleto's Breed Analysis: 
N. 476.56, S. 79.68. RP. 443.75: Modesty's N. 553.90, S. 78.12, RP. 
67.96. 

At Elmahm sale Mr. Robert Lofft, of Troston, bought 195 Elm- 
ham Rosebud, 4-yr.-old progeny of 468 Rose, whose dam, 427. By 
a Troston-bred bull he added to his herd 872 Elmham Rosebud 2d. 
Mr. J. J. Colman also bought at Elmham the 1st calf of 195—196 
Rosebud 2d. From 195 there thus resulted two strains of diverse 
blood, which at Whitlingham made milk records. 

1031 Moss Rose, the progeny of 196 by Powell 143, bred 1934 
White Spot, and she in two succeeding vears gave birth to 2488 Red 
Spot and 2765 Dot. 2488's best returns were 6,575 lb. (302), 7,642 
lb. (343): Dot's-2d c.-9,345 lb. (360), and after 14 days— her last calf 
- — 5,067% lb. (307). When 20 years had passed her Anirecian-bred 
progeny, tracing to 3993 Dorothy, added to Dot's record. Red Spot 
covered by lago 1025-09, produced 9223 Spot 3d. Breed-Analysis: N. 
441.40, S. 83.97, RP. 474.60. Mr. Garrett Taylor assented to* his ex- 
perienced herdsman, Fox, selecting heifers, which had dropped a 
first calf, to be milked as long as they would yield freely and delay 
sei'vice. The problem was: Will such a fostering of the milk ten- 
dency influence the milk inheritance ? Several bits of evidence may 
be found in these records. 8223 Spot 3d was one of the early selec- 
tion. She was in milk 422 days; yield 7,824 1/2 lb. After 16 days-2d 
c.-and in the following 35 days gave 1,065 lb., in the year's yield 
6,3481/2 lb. (342), butter fat 3.7: her total yield 45,521% "lb. (2,501). 
8223's 12959 Shalot, 15,437 lb. (815); 17687 Spot 3d— 1st c. on Oct. 
1st, 1902 — record from November 13th, '02, to December 31st, '03, 
6,096% lb. (415). 

The Troston-bred 6330 Elmham Rosebud 4th (with two instal- 
ments of N 2 blood) — 116 davs after 1st c. began her record at Whit- 
lingham: 5,088 lb. (346), fat "4.6. In following years: 6,273 lb. (350), 
9,023 lb. (365), 6,536 lb. (336), fat 4.9; 10,038 V2 lb. (354), 8,222% lb. 
(364), 6,9201^ (320); 9th c. 5,480 lb. (287); total, 57,500% lb. (2,688). 
Breed Analysis: N. 409.37, S. 565.71, RP. 24.89. From her dam, 
with U43 and 19 inheritance, was 7082 Elmham Rosebud 9th-3d c- 
10,159 lb. (322), 9,262 lb. (308), 10,368 lb. (321), 9,647 lb. (230). 7082's 
13250 Brentwood Bud (by a VI sire) -1st c.-6,883 lb. (301), 6,534 lb. 
(307), 9,278 lb. (318). 13250's 21071 Brook.shall Bud 2d, record 7,159 
lb., and in the two following years 21,089 lb. 13250's 21589 Brook- 
shall Violet-2d c.-8,193 lb. 

Dot's 3993 Dorothy— Al (by Falstaff 303. which served both in 
Norfolk and America) — when covered by CoiTioral 4313-Tl gave 
[18100] Daisy and [24886] Darling — (square brackets distinguish 
American registration after December, 1900, from British registra- 



22 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



tion, Darling, in 1909, on test 7,374 lb. fat, 281.46; Daisy, sei-ved 
by Marmion 5674, produced [26377] Diana, and, by Jonah [11778], 
[26378] Diana 2d. Diana's tests gave 7.439 lb., fat 285.77; 6,477 lb., 
fat 240.86; 6793.1 lb., fat 238.88; 9276.6 lb., fat 340.26. Diana 2d's 
tests: 7082.6 lb., fat 316.58; 7,439 lb., fat 305.19; 9132.7 lb., fat 398.34; 
10,719 lb. fat 469; 12620.1 lb., fat 546.89. Dot's Breed Anal- 
ysis: N. 377.34, S. 44.91, RP. 577.73. Dorothy's: N. 554.29, S. 
43.54, RP. 402.14. Diana 2d has a larger proportion of Suf- 
folk inheritance through her V9 sire: N. 512.24, S. 158.44, RP. 329.23. 
Diana gave three of her progeny to the test — all got bv Proctor Knott 
[12092]— Ell, son of Corporal 4313. [30177] J. D. L. Daisy's 6035.7 
lb., fat 225.18. [31786] J. D. L. Daisv 2d's, 5468.5 lb., fat 208.7. 
[35788] J. D. L. Dot's, as a 2-vr.-old, 8478.2 lb., fat 389.27. Diana 
2d's get; [30176] J. D. L. Diana 3d, 5584.4 lb., fat 221.77 (311); and 
[31787] J. D. L. Dorothy, 5348.9 lb., fat 253.11; 8523.8 lb., fat 428.57; 
11614.8 lb., fat 571.46 lb. 

Record of other progeny of 468 Rose — A 1, besides those of 195 
— Al, is: 8667 Primula 3d-^(from 30 days after birth of 6th calf)— 
9,613 lb. (350), 7,62212 lb. (322), 9,245 lb. (310). 

The third set of 427 Primrose records is through 371 Nelly, which 
entered Mr. W. Bradfield's herd. He used in succession The Palmer 
138, its son Rufus 188, and an Eaton bull. Then a B4 bull, whose 
blood was almost wholly Suffolk, was used by a new owner of the 
stock, and the result, 6962 Bower Blush Al. She was bought as the 
beginner of Mr. C. F. Newton's small, now also noteworthy, herd, 
at Saham Toney. 

6962's earliest annual yields were 7,694 lb. (358), 8233>n lb. (327); 
her total 44,270 1/4 lb. (2,083). Of Bovrer Blush's progeny: 11539 
Meadow Sweet's record was 52,985^/4 lb. (2.697); 12619 Meadow Blush 
2d — a year younger than 11539, and got by Jupiter 4475 — N6 began 
her record with 5,518 lb. (228), and in succeeding years it ranged 
from 6,950 lb. to 9,510i2 lb.; total yield from 17th May, 1S99, to 6th 
January, 1911, when she was sold, 91,508% lb. (4,156), fat 4.0 to 4.6. 
6952's 17009 Little Blush's 4th c.-8,154 lb., fat 3.9 (339); total 27,- 
238% lb. (1,183). Also of 12619's progeny, 17126 Meadow Blush 3d 
by Lord Kitchener 7316 — 2 Norf. She began with 7799% lb., fat 
4.4 (3S0); the 12 records to 30th September 1915, are: 8,002y2 lb., 
fat 5.1 (365); 9;881 lb. (322), 9,336 lb. (330), 9,018 lb. (329), 9,509 
lb. (319), 10,370 (353), 8,364 lb. (355), 8,908 lb. (354), 9,754y2 lb. 
(354), 10,380 lb. (365), 9,773 lb. (329); 9,387 lb. (330). After giv- 
ing birth to 2d c, June Sth, 1903, 17126 was in milk 615 days, and 3d 
c. was born January 6th, 1905. Breed Analysis of 17126: N. 684.88, 
S. 142.60. RP. 172.5i; of Bower Blush, N. 398.03, S. 435.34. RP. 166.62. 
Of the 17126's daughters, the records were 18720 Maf's Blush 1st c- 
6,5211^ lb., fat 4.6 (341); 21,729 Meadow Blusl 5th-lst C.-8.060 lb., 
fat 4.7 (325). 

The Families A3, 4, and 5 were founded on cows bought in 1854 
from Mr. John Palmer's old herd at Brettenham, and akin to Kl8 
and 19. It is probable that the inheritance was a combination of 
Norfolk, West Suffolk, and the Reeve "Red Polled." The A3 record? 
were made at Aspall Hall bv Mr. J. B. Chevallier: 12986 Snowball's 
8,223 lb., 8,199 lb.; total 17,845 V2 lb. 12986's 18771 New Snowball 
1st c.-6,138 lb.; then 2-vr av., 6,197 lb. 

The 28 records of A4 cows began with 2669 Carlista-2d c-8,603y2 
lb. (267). 6267 Cosy was got by a son of lago 1025 out of a daugh- 
ter of 2669. Record lst-c.-4645% lb. fat 5.2 (301). In 11 years she 
gave birth to 12 calves. Total yield, 72,374 lb. (3,336); highest rec- 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 23 



ord, 8,657 V4 lb. (294). Breed Analysis: N. 428.71, S. 68.16, RP. 503.12 
6267's 10116 Cosv 3d, total, 31,029y2 lb. (1518); 4807 Carlista 2d— by 
lago 1025-lst c.-6,446% lb. (321); 10-yr. ay., 7,726 lb. (3,100); high- 
est record, 10,086 lb., fat 5.2 (301). 14712 Cono-lst c. gave ll,486y2 
lb. July 11th, 1901, to October 29th, 1903, 833 days, and befora her 
sale in March, 1904, had-2d c.-given 2,025 lb. (77). At the 1916 R. A. 
S. E. Show, 21925 Russet's Belle 2d won first prize for 56.37 lb. milk, 
fat 14,60. 

6199 Blossom 5th, the first A5 record-lst c.-9912% lb. (457); 
highest records, 10,024% lb. (350), 10,247 lb., fat 4.4 (364); 7-yr. 
ay., 8638.89 lb. 6199's 16190 Berlin-lst c.-8,755i/4 lb. (457). 7687 
Bertie, produce of 6198 Blossom 4th-lst c-8,213y4 lb., fat 4.1 (414). 

The Families A6 to A29 were bred by Elmham tenants. 9067 
Nanfred— A6, 6-yr. av., 7399.68 lb.; 21277 Nettie— A6, 3 calves and 
24,444% lb. yield'; highest record, 8,724% lb. The earlieft All records 
that of 2805 Felicity, when 12-yrs.-old, was 9,069 lb. (280), and 9352 
Foliage, from the same dam, 7,812 lb. (349). 7712 Bower Branchlet 
—All, after 2d c. 8,341 V2 lb. (449), 3d and 4th c, 21.809% lb. (931), 
and in the two following years, 14,615 lb. (522). 18182 My Lassie, 
a gr.-dr. of 7712, gave a 3-yr. av., 6642.1 lb. 

In 1872 Mr. Fulcher sent Elmham stock to Mr. G. F. Faber, in New 
York State, a bull calf, two heifers in-calf, and 401 Ocean Maid — 
A12, a yearling. This first lot of the dual-purpcse Red Polled for 
breeding* in the United States was supplemented in 1874 by three 
heifers. These seven and their progeny, bred at the Ravine Wood 
Farm, were, until 1882, the only pure-bred representatives of the 
new breed in America. Ocean Maid was bred by a small farmer ten- 
ant, who held to the practice in vogue for more than a century — the 
"folding" of his three cows on turnips, so that the stock was very 
hardy, and had a heavy coat. Ocean Ma'd's 2n c, 1015 May, in 
lSo4,' gave birth to 2965 Mayflower, which was sold to Captain V. T. 
Hills, Dclav.-arc, Ohio. He, 'in 1892, bred from her. by Melton Chief 
2424, S025 Mayflower 2d, which wen a most noteworthy position in the 
records of milk production. The programme of the Pan-American 
Exposition, at Buflalo, New York, in 19(31, provided for a Model Dairy 
with a test of -breeds of cattle, to extend from May 1st to October 
31st. The American Red Polled Cattle Club resolved to do its part 
in the test, but cows due to calve *n April were not available. Cap- 
tain Hills, however, undertook to send five cows. It must be said that 
a more haphazard lot for so important a test cannot bs imagined. 
One of the cows was 13 years old, three 8 years, and on^^ 6, and they 
had calved down from 42' to 70 days v.-hen the test began. Yet their 
record for milk, butter, and increase of live ^veight, rank' d th*^ Red 
Polled Cattle fifth. It is a singular fact that a copy of the Official 
Report, which would give the details for each cow of the ten contest- 
ing breeds is not available in England, and the whole instructive 
business was well-nigh ignored by British agriculturists and dairy- 
men. 8025 Mayflov/er 2ci, in the particular of individual rrcoid^. of 
net butter profit, came second to a Guernsey, whose record was 59.41 
dollars. Mayflower's was 52.10. The net butter profit of tli? best 
cow of the several other breeds was Jersey 50.24, H'^lstein 49.43, 
Avrshire 46.07, Shorthorn 43.91, Polled Jersey 42.80, Brown Swiss 
41.23, French Canad'an 40.63, Dutch Belted 38.02 dollars. Mayflower's 
milk yield in the 184 days was 6,161 lb.; estimated butter 323 lb. The 
Red Polleel were in charge of a herdsman who was not an expert in cat- 
tle feeding, whereas the other cows were in the care of experienced men. 
Mayflower 2d's Breed Analysis was: N. 556.14, S. 295.82, RP. 153.0 



24 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



[31727] J. D. L. Marigold, whose granddam was 9552 Mayflower 3d, 
and was got bv Proctor Knott, records were: 7103.7 lb., fat 295.88; 
8562.4 lb., fat "337.08. Breed Analysis: N. 506.54, S. 154.48, RP. 
338.93. [23496] Marigold, her dam, was sired by Corporal 4313. Rec- 
ord: 7590.7 lb., fat 321.23. Breed Analysis: N. 522.82, S. 213.86, 
RP. 263.27. 9552's [17915] April May's records: 7096.9 lb., fat 249.52; 

6817.4 lb., fat 225.53. [22934] Lot, 5th in descent from 401 Ocean 
Maid through 1681 Mollie, gaye 6527.5 lb., fat 270.32 (296). 

18723 Margot— A13, bought in 1907 for the Earl of Radnor's 
herd at Longfoid Castle, near Salisbury, was sired by Red Knight 
7539, 11-vr. av., 6976.6 lb. (3,467), highest record 7,919 lb. (322). 
18723's 21715 Longford Devote's record, 19588 lb. (756); highest, 
9,380 lb. (350). American A13 records: [8067] Clara L., 7112.8 lb., 
fat 383.04. [20493] Spot, 10136.5 lb., fat 440.95. [25814] Audrey A., 
6117.2 lb., fat 229.30. [20493] 's [28396] Spicy, 1,681 lb., fat 327.34. 

12079 Brocade— A21, 3-yr. av., 6115.6 lb. 8686 Little Lass— 
A22-lst c.-5,083i/4 lb., 6-vr. total record, 46,444 lb. (2,165); highest, 
9,657 ii> lb., fat 5.5. 9461 Kathleen— A24-lst c.-6,078% lb. (415); 4th c, 
12,235% lb. (364); 5th c, 10650^^ lb. (300); next three years rang- 
ing irom 9,000 lb. (360) to 9,979V2 lb. (326). 15858 Selina— A24, 4-yr. 
av., 6200.5 lb. Her progeny, 19897 Majilini, 3-yr. av., 7,129 lb.; high- 
est record, 8,570 lb. (329); and 20445 Majiselo, 4-yr. av., 7-55.25 lb. 
American A24 records: [30221] Beauty S., 5,777 lb., fat 2-] (247); 

8136.5 lb., fat 353.3 (334). Out of the same dam, [32011] Gazelle, 
7029.5 lb., fat 297 (305); 8861.5 lb., fat 430.98. [25609] Pocket— 
A29 records 6047.1 lb., fat 204.46 (332); 8554.1 lb., fat 346.66 (348). 
2568 Sybil 6th— A31, 5-yr. av., 7429.3 lb.; largest record, 9468 lb. 
(468). 

A large proportion of the B Group had their origin at Playford, 
where was Mr. Arthur Biddell's herd. Mr. Herman Biddell asserted 
that records of breeding and tests were made in his herd and that 
of his brother, Mr. Manfred Biddell, but none were available. A 
study of the lorm of the cows evidenced that sires from Sir Edward 
Kerrison's herd at Oakley had been used on the High Suifolk type, 
and thus there had been an infusion of the Reeve "Red Polled" blood. 
It was also probable that the old Norfolk strain had been drawn from 
Mr. Moseley's herd, brought to Glenham Hall in 1823 from West 
Tofts. The Held Book Register In 1874 had a record of a strong 
mixture of Noriolk blood, from 1869, through Seneca 195, from Mr. 
Henry Birkbeck's herd at Stoke Holy Cross. This was followed from 
1874 by the use of Iron Duke 125, which had Powell blood for two 
generations following on two of the old Elmham strain. In 1882 Mr. 
A. J. Smith set up a Red Polled herd at Rendlesham, selecting 21 
cows of the B Group, and a while after adding others. By the policy 
of making the best of his early selection, with systematic milk rec- 
ords from September, 1889, he won a reputation for the herd. The 
ciuoted records of the Group are few of the many published. The 
Rendlesham and Eyke mine of wealth was well worked while Mr. 
Smith lived, and only ended at the sale of the herd in September, 1913. 

[18060] Christmas Bess— B4, 7802.50 lb., fat 266.55. 4234 Neck- 
lace — the get of Davyson 7th 476-B 5 — made a 7-yr. av., 4323.97 lb. 
Her daughter, by Grand Duke 1388, son of 476, was 6594 Necklace 
Grand, 30,354 lb". (1.256), 4-vr. av., 7588.5 lb., highest record, 8,719 
lb. (343). 6594's 11612 Necklace Grand 3d, 4-yr. av. 6592.25 lb., and 
1205 Necklace Grand 4th, 6-yr av. 6256.66 lb. 11612's in her turn 18187 
Necklace Grand 7th-lst c-6,997 (336), then 3-yr. av., 8,360 lb., 
4234 also got 9611 Necklet, 4-yr. av., 5299.75 lb., and 13471 Eyke Neck- 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 25 

lace 3-yr. av., 5657.3 lb. (059), while her gr.-dr. 22195 Nectrine had a 
3-yr. av., 6,640 lb. 

There are 63 records of B6; of four daughters of 3169 Sweet 
Pear and Monarch 4th 351, bought of Mr. H. Biddell in 1885 bv Mr. 
Smith. 3100 Pupe Pear, 8-yr. av., 6647.7 lb.; 3628 Orange Pear, 3- 
yr. av., 6485.7 lb.; 3777 Sweet Orange Pear. 4-vr. av., 6388.2 lb.; 
4393 Sweet Pear 2d, 7-yr. av., 6884.32 lb.; highest record, 8,493 lb. 
The best of 3100's progeny, 5181 Wonder Pear, 14-vr. av., 6162.8 lb.; 
total 86.28014 lb.; and 6631 Pear Again-lst C.-5.884 lb., then 2-vr. 
av., 7,2.32 lb. Of 3628's 7274 Louise Bonne. 4-yr. av., 5293.6 lb. Of 
4393's 9151 Billy's Pear, 10-vr. av., 6624.51 lb. 5181's 9066 Wander- 
ess, 9-yr. av., 6443.5 lb. (2,992). Breed Analysis: N. 337.34, S. 449.88 
RP. 172.76, varying little from that of 3011; N. 382.02, S. 485.35, RP. 
182.61. Following on Wanderess' line, we have 17522 Rendlesham 
Wanda-lst c.-7,745V2 lb. (317), then 7,713 lb. (322); 6,440 lb. (269); 
and her twin sister — sire Comely Roger 3856 — 17523 Rendlesham 
Wanda 2d-after 2d c- 18722 lb. (674), 20021 Rendlesham Gipsy, the 
last of the progeny of Wanderess-lst c.-7,005 lb. (322); 5-yr. av., 
7271.1 lb. (1,725). Breed Analysis: N. 353.20, S. 451.92, RP. 194.84. 

4393 Sweet Pear 2d-lst c, 6857 Whollv-a-Pear, 5-yr. av., 5544.54 
lb. 6887's 13472 Eyke Pear, lO-yr. av., 6763.8 lb. 13472's 3d c. 18200 
New Pear 1st c.-6,047 lb. (308); 6-yr. av., 6095.7 lb. 

Third in descent from 3628 Orange Pear, 19454 Rendlesham Lucy, 
7-yr. av., 8712.5 lb. 11764 Rendlesham Pear, progeny of 6631 Pear 
Again, 5-yr. av., 7132.2 ,1b., and its 17520 Rendlesham Pearmain-lst 
c.-6,528V2 lb. (271), followed by 7-yr. av., 8,540 lb. (2,083). 17520's 
25024 Rendlesham Pear Blossom during a 5-yr. yield, gave 8,595^2 
lb. (330), 9124 lb. (295), 9.334 V^ lb. (283), "and' in Lord Radnor's 
herd 9,036 lb. (266). 17520's 21362 Rendlesham Sweet Pear-3d c- 
10867 lb. (684). 21830 Rendlesham Main Pear in 2 years gave 3 
calves and 13,388-/2 lb. (652). 21290 Sudbourne Buerre 3d won sec- 
ond prize at the 1914 R. A. S. E. Show, for milk 56.37 lbs., fat 12.40; 
and that of 1915 for 63.37 lbs. milk, fat 13.28. 20021's 21353 [30851] 
Rendlesham Nomad on test 6716.2 lb., fat 357.67. 

10259 Firefly— B8-lst C.-5423 lb.; 3d c, 9813 lb., was so uneven 
a yielder that her 8-vr. av. was 6,188 lb. Her 11255 Fly, 8-vr. av., 
7761.1 lb. [20619] Nancy 8502.5 lb., fat 362.17. The only record of 
B7 was [23509] Dolly, 7960.75 lb., fat 347.14. 5096 Rosamond 2d— 
B9, 7-yr. av., 6749.7 lb. Her 15731 Rendlesham Rosamond, with a 
prolonged 3d c. yield, followed bv twins, gave a 4-vr. av. 6374.37 lb. 
8035 Old Lowestoft— B9 whose 6th c. yield was 6058 lb. (291), by her 
11474 Lowland Lassie-lst c. -6,420 lb. (277), gave-5th and 6th c- 
13,636 lb. (447), and her 18404 Woodland Lassie-2d c.-7,525 lb. (227). 
Of BIO only American records are worth noting: 11298 Gold Drop, 
11,889 lb., fat 510.62, and her [18099] Cresco Goldie, 8,755 lb., fat 
370.81. [26428] Goldred got by six generations of Norfolk blood, 
9,188 lb., fat 336.28. 

Of the Bll Family there are 111 records, made during 20 years. 
Of the many cows and heifers of this family in the Smith selection 
the following are noteworthy: — 2010 Belle, whose best of 3-yrs. yield 
was 6.840 lb. 2175 Eyke Duchess lOth-llth and 12th calves-2i,160 
lb. 3954 Countess of Eyke 3d, 6-yr. av., 4578.4 lb.; and 2177 Eyke 
Lassie (15 calves), 4-yr av., 4371.3 lb. 

2177's 3200 Village Lassie by 351— Ql 3-yr. av., 6866.4 lb., and her 
gr.-dr., 6110 Wild Lady, 4-yr. av., 7833.25 lb. (1,279). 6100's 9075 
Wild Lass-4th c. -8,096 lb. (357). Village Lassie, in her last year, 
produced, by Starston Hero 2083 — K19, 7748 Chicago Lassie, 6-yr. 



26 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



av., 7118.7 lb. (1925). 7748's 10095 Chicago Maid, 7-vr. av., 7,865 lb.; 
13295 Chicago Lass-lst c.-4,882i/2 lb. (286), 8-yr. av., 7018.7 lb.; 
16347 Chicago Girl, 2-vr. av., 8081.5 lb. (554); and 17905 Chicago 
Maiden-lst c.-7,178 lb. (290). 10095's 18459 Belle of Chicago-lst c- 
5,246 lb. (298), then 5-vr. av., 6,087 lb. (1,719); her 26076 Rendles- 
ham Chicago, 5-yr. av., 7,608 lb. (1,348), and 20521 Rendlesham Chi- 
cane's, with 2 calves, V2.1bOV2 lb. (630). 13295's 17954 Chicago Gem, 
in 2d yr., 8,193 lb. (365), and her twin sister, 17955 Chicago Jewel, 
6,225 ib. (356). 20446 Melton Majivi, third generation from 6110 
Wild Lady, 4-yr. av., 7638.33 lb. (1,410), followed by 10,618 lb. (354) 
and 10,251 (334). 7625 Wilful (another of Village Lassie's gr. drs.), 
after 1st c, 9,077 lb. (514). Her 9677 Wilful 2d, 8-yr. av., 7115.1 
lb. (2,551). 9677's 21005 Winsome, 7-yr. av., 7730.1 lb. (2,255), and 
her 22173 Longford Fairy, in the years 1913-15, 6,791 lb. (273), 
9,472 lb. (339), 10,328 lb! (364). Village Lassie's Breed Analysis: 
N. 457, S. 410.34, RP. 13260. Wilful 2d's: N. 374.90, S. 428.67, RP. 
196.39. 

The 2010 Belle progeny began to make its mark with 3876 Beta- 
1st c.-8,285 lb.; 3d c, 10,247% lb. (322); 4-yr, av., 7893.6 lb.; and 
6907 Beatrice-lst c. -5,566 lb. (308). 6907's 18442 Beatrice 2d, 5->t. 
av., 8301.6 lb. (17!)0); highest record, 9,686 lb. (364). 6402 Grand 
Belle (gr.-dr. of 2010), 7-yr. av., 6789.88 lb. 6402's 8302 Abbess, 4- 
yr. av., was 7570.25 lb. (994); her 13474 Fair Abbess, 7-yr. av., 
5874.8 lb. (2294). 13474's 19448 Rendlesham Abbess-lst c.-5, 1091/2 
lb. (309), then 3-vr. av., 6697.66 lb. (900); and 21352 Rendlesham 
Lovely Abbess, 2-vr. av., 6924.5 lb. (635). 8302's 1715 Rendlesham 
Abigail. 8-yr. av., 7753.8 lb. (2,781); highest record, 10,080 lb. (358). 
10170 Donna Barbara, 6-vr. av., 6742.3 lb. (2,086); the dam of 18603 
Eyke Babs, 2-vr. av., 5,051 lb. (681), and gr.-dm. of 18327 Sudboume 
Babs, which at 3-vr.-old made 4,602 lb. (194). 18327's 19617 Babs 2d 
6-yr. av., 7,237 lb. 18327's 19502 Shameful-lst c.-5,703 lb. (204); a 
late 4-yr. av., 8,796 lb. (1234). 19502's 20682 Cheriton Shame-2d c- 
6,994 lb. (336); 7th c, 7,610 lb. (306). 21324 Red Nun, with her dam 
20017 Rendleshom Fair Abbess, was taken to Thornville, Co. Wex- 
ford, by Major Meadows, in 1908, a 5-vr. av., 6000.2 lb. (1,413); and 
in the year 1915,, 7,273 lb. (365). 20017's 4-vr. av., 5189.5 lb. (1,225); 
her 22246 Red Nun 2d, 2-yr. av., 5064.5 lb. (594). 

Of manv other Bll records published, these are of recent date: 
18327's 21025 Ashmoor Florence-5th c.-8,921i/2 lb. (344), 6-yr. av., 
8.534 lb,, and her 22417 Ashmoor Flo, 3 yr. av., 8077.3 lb.; 22416 
Ashmoor Chic-Chic-4th c.-8,912 lb. 

The earliest B12 record 2256 Honevwood was made at Whitling- 
ham, 6,-vr. av., 6,563 lb.; the highest, 7,950 lb. (449), fat 4.1. 2256's 
5543 Honeycomb-lst c.-4,660 lb. (352). 7640 Anemone-5th c.-9,113 lb. 
(267); 2-yr. av., 8,526 lb. (505). Her 10932 Auburn, 2-yr. av., 8,150 
lb. (610)." 20032 Rendlesham Sunbeam-lst C.-6138, her 21360 [30853] 
Rendlesham Sundial 7985.13 lb., fat 213.63. 21973 Ashmoor Bessie, 3- 
vr. av., 7525.5 lb. 

5026 Motherless— B13 had a 10-vr. av., 5354.75 lb.; highest yield, 
5,953% lb. (288). 6630 Peach Girl, 7-vr. av., 7261.6 lb (2332). 8100 
Peach Leaf 6th, 5 yr. av., 5612.4 lb. 7387 Peace, 3-yr av., 7687.33 lb. 
(964). Breed Analysis: N. 360.35, S. 415.86, RP. 223.77. 7387's 10606 
Peaceful-lst C.-6592 Ib. (269); 3d c, 9,291 lb. (287); 7th c, 11,428 
lb. (328); 7-yr. av., 9,010 lb.; 10-vr. av., 8,644 lb.; her 17347 Pearl 
1st and 2d C.-1.3404 lb. (798), followed by a 2-year av., 7,310 lb. (625). 
6630's 10607 Peach-lst C.-6513 lb. (243), then a 2-year av., 7,283 lb. 
(679). 8100's 9963 Apricot-4th to 6th c.-av., 7,059 lb. (1,012), falling 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 27 

off to 9th c. 6,425 lb. (317). Her 20527 Rendlesham Apricot, however, 
had a 4-vr. av., 7476.75 lb. (1286). 21325 Red Rag, a gr.-dr. of 9963, 
has at fhomville a 5-\t. av. 6482.4 lb. (1,668); record in 1915, 7,932 
lb. (3.36). 

22850 Sudbourne Minnie, which traces back to 5026 Motherless, 
had the distinction of being first of all the contending breeds at the 
London Dairy Show of 1914. When competing she had been in milk 
19 days. Her two mornings' milk was 72.6 lb., fat 3.46, and the even- 
ings' 64.6, fat 3.74: solids other than fat, 9,98 and 9.36. She won the 
Red Poll Society's prize, the Barham Challenge Cup as scoring the 
greatest number of points in the milking trials, 1,449, and also the 
Shirley Challenge Cup for giving the greatest weight of the milk 
in the trials. Her record for 1915 was 15,043^/2 lb. 

4724 Stout Finait — B18 led off that Family's records at Rendles- 
ham-2d c.-8,447 lb. (294), 7,616 lb. (280), 9,514 lb. (360). Her sister 
(both were by 581— Ql), 5488 Fresh Fuss, 5-vr. av., 7371.5 lb.; her 
best record, 9,296i.i; lb. (350). 5488's 8553 Fresh Flora, 6-yr. av., 
7185.2 lb. (1,906); and 10294 Fussy-3d C.-8.176 lb. (264). 8553's 
13528 Fresh Flo, 3-vr. av., 7,533 lb. (968); 16337 Comely Flora, after 
2d c, 15,442% lb. (620); 3d c, 8,713y2 lb. (365); and 20524 Rendles- 
ham Florist-lst c.-7,518 lb. (298), then 6,273 lb. (332), 8,2481,2 lb. 
(333). 

Of B20 there are 17 records at Rendlesham, 6 in America. 4152 
Knockin .3d, from 5th c, 4-yr. av., 7085.6 lb. 6470 Knockin 7th, the 
progeny of the same dam, from 3d c, 7-yr. av., 7,471 lb. (2,347). 4152- 
1st C.-6050 Turn-in, 3-vr. av., 5,793 lb. 6470's 15723 Rendlesham Loo- 
1st c.-5,617 lb., then 8-vr. av., 8007.2 lb. (2,541); highest record-7th 
c.-ll,024% lb. (344); i5723's 21814 Rendlesham Bridge, 2-vr. av., 
7025.5 lb.(779); and 22264 Rendlesham Lilv-lst c.-7,021 lb. (301). 
7275 Lovely (nearly allied to Knockin 7th)-lst c.-7,510 lb. (3,257); 
subsequent 3-yr. av., 7692.6 lb. (981). Lovely's 8862 Pretty, 4-yr. av., 
7,757 lb. (944*). American series: [19928] Lilian, 6,356 lb., fat 276.83 
(282); 8,836 lb., fat 283.1 (317); 8,093 lb., fat 320.33 (304); 10,121 lb., 
fat 400.35. Lilian's [26746] Lillette, 8563.9 lb., fat 387.37; 5231.5 lb., 
fat 239.71 (246); 6019.9 lb., fat 262.7 (295); 6842.1 lb., fat 301.79; 
10028.2 lb., fat 451.52; [27.546] J. D. L. Lilian, 7308.3 lb., fat 261.15; 
9,360 lb., fat 329; [31729] J. D. L. Latona, 110.53.6 lb., fat 423.57; 
and [33552] J. D. L. Linnet, 7390.8 lb., fat 265.33. Lillette's [31728] 
Lillette 2d, 7615.5 lb., fat 284.90; 9813.2 lb. fat 442.11; 10891.9 lb., 
fat 492.29. J. D. L. Lilian's [31729] J. D. L. Lilian 2d, 5560.6 lb., fat 
206.24; her [35757] J. D. L. Laura-lst C.-7897.2 lb., fat 331.56. Breed 
Analvsis: 10429 Linnett, d. of [19928]; N. 371.85, S. 430.70. RP. 197.40. 
[19928] Lilian, N. 454.48, S. 266.78, RP. 27869. [34863] J. D. L. Latona, 
N. 472.37, S. 180.94, RP. .346.64. 

The earliest of eleven B24 records 7065 Doll, gave, in 364 days of 
1899-90, 10,624% lbs. with, in 287 further davs of 1890, 7,611 lb., 
and in 1902, 7,374 V2 (364). Her gr.-dr., 21322 Red Doll, best of 5-yr. 
records (these in Ireland), 5,131 lb. (259), 4,966 lb. (294). Red Doll's 
22742 Red Doll 3d-lst C.-6907 lb. (351), 6,062 lb. (350), 6,408 lb. (336). 
8522 Faithful, in 1901, 8th to 12th c, 5-yr. av., 8,602 lb. (1,415); 
thence to 15th c, 3-yr. av., 5795.66 lb. (798). 8522's 18881 Rendle- 
sham Fay-lst c.-6,886 lb. (240), then 57,622 lb. (1,981); 4th c, 10,286y2 
lb. (.349) 6th c, 11414% lb. (347); 7th c, 11,390% lb. (320); total 
vield, 64.278 lb. (2,221). Breed Analysis: Faithful N. 79.43, S. 853.44 
RP. 66.71; Rendlesham Fay N. 256.00, S. 517.66, RP. 226.30. Of 8522's 



28 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

get aLso 15721 Rendlesham Faith, 4-vr. av., 6,176 lb. (1,299); and 
20523 Rendlesham Faithless, 3-vr. av., 7,266 lb. (969). 18881's 22259 
Rendlesham Fancv-2d c.-7,128i2 lb. (344). 



The E Group has some of its pedigrees from the year 1852, just 
forty years after G. B. George saw John Reeve's "new breed at Holk- 
liam, calculated its possible value, and became one of its realisers. 
He seems to have been the means, through Sir Edward Kerrison and 
other practical men, of improving the Noi'folk and Suffolk Polled 
cattle to such a degree that just lifty-two years after a bull and two 
heifers were first exhibited they were a recognized breed. Mr. G. 
George, his elder son, had kept a register more than twenty years, 
but said little to enlighten the collector of pedigrees, when his brother, 
Mr. T. W. George, of Cringleford (lands near to Eaton), on retiring 
from farming in 1873, sold his Red Polled herd. The Herd Book, how- 
ever, was supplied with the desired facts. G. George's 6-yr.-old cow, 
412 Polly — Ell, sold when he retired in 1876, has been the means of 
adding to the repute of the Red Poll in the LTnited States. 

4169 Linnet— E2-lst c.-4,56iy2 lb. (350), with 4th c. gave 6,5781/^ 
lb. (301). Her 5652 Linnet 2d (by lago 1025)-lst c.-8,714i2 lb. (658); 
then 5-vr. av., 7,072 lb. (1,582), fat 4.9. And 5652's 9518 the Linnet- 
1st c.-8,040i2 lb. (693), fat 5.7. 9518's 11448 Lnnon-lst c. -7,260 lb. 
(483), 2-vr. av., 6,796 lb. (631). 

The E3 Family, transferred in 1889 to Mr. E. Smith Jameson, 
Mount Sterling, Kentuckv, has onlv American records: [23497] Miss 
Matson-3d C.-6.651 lb., fat 27853; 7,063 lb. fat 301.37; 7744.5 lb., fat 
328.92; 8923.9 lb., fat 400.54. [33551] J. D. L. Millie, 9413.7 lb., fat 
372.74. [34870] J.D. L. Lady Watts-lst C.-10263.2 lb., fat 412.46. 

5227 Belinda — E 5, in Lord Hastings' herd gave the first record- 
ist c.-5,097 lb. (264); 6-vr. av. 6,256 lb. (1,816). Her 9630 Olinda, 
2-yr. av., 7,318.5 lb. (679). 

The Ell records descended from 412 Polly, open with 3851 Annie 
Belle: 3-yr. av.. from the 4th c, 6451.33 lb. (925). Her dam was 1985 
Annie, whose 9th c. return was 4,909 lb. (320). 3464 Georgina, at Whit- 
lingham in 1889-91, recorded-3d c.-13,850 lb. (744), and her 6385 
Georgina 2d-lst c.-5,051% lb. (438), fat 3.6; then 6-yr. av., 6,896 lb. 
(1,954). 14825 Donna-4th c.-10,761 lb. (343), 5th c, 10,104 lb. (322). 
16723 Gold-drop, gr.-dr. of 6385, recorded-lst c.-8,051V2 lb. (411); and 
15884 Snowflake, bred from the Ell's, ended that family's record at 
Whitlingham with-lst c.-8,916 lb. (478). In Sir Walter Corbet's herd, 
from the same source, 19606 Acton Sweetbriar gave-2d c.-7,786y2 lb. 
(358). 

Breed Analyses: 412 Polly, N. 382.5, S. 300, RP. 337.5. 1738 Polly 
2d sent in 1882 to Col. J. B. Mead and Mr. Robert J. Kimball, N. 
439.06, S. 198.43, RP. 362.5. 8858 Portia, N. 449.99, S. 129.09, RP. 
420.89. 10024 Biddv, N. 463.57, S. 80.21, RP. 456.2. 13205 Biddy 2d, 
N. 427.44, S. 216.5, RP. 356.03. Records: [26744] Princess Portia, 
6536.2 lb., fat 268.84; 6626.8 lb., fat 246.33; 5640.6 lb., fat 222.57. Her 
[34866] J. D. L. Belmont, 9286.8 lb., fat 395.91. 

E12 Family records have been regularly made at Heytesbury, 
Wilts. Lord Heytesbury founded a Red Polled herd there in 1893, which 
Margaret Lady Heytesbury has well maintained to the present time. 
All the records are from descendants of 5158 Susanna 5th. 15073 
Heytesbury Frederica, 6,759 lb. (283). Her gr.-dr., 19822 Heytesbury 
Fredleaf 2d. 6-yr. av., 6581.3 lb. (1,720); highest record-7th c. -7,559 
lb. (304). Her 21205 Heytesburv Pendant, 4-vr. av., 7,201 lb. (1,161); 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 29 

21681 Heytesbury Passion 1st, 5,371 lb. (234); then 6,459 lb. (306), 
6,306 lb. (257). Third in descent from 15073, 20397 Heytesbury-Su- 
sanna-lst c.-5,848 lb. (238), then 5-yr. av., 6,750.2 lb. (1,367); highest 
record, 7,448 lb. (273). Her 23052 Heytesbury Hanna-lst c. (in 1914)- 
5,584 lb. (235). 21202 Heytesbury Patience-lst c.-7,086 lb. (343); 
22612 Heytesbury Susan 3d 1st c.-6,507 lb. (263); 2d c. 9,850 lb (365). 

In another line of descent from 587 Susanna, 22625 Horton Peach 
has a record of (in 1912) 8,248 lb. (308); in 1914, 6,832 lb. (243). Her 
22974 Cheriton Peach-2d c.-7,949i4 lb. (298), fat 4.60. [34831] Saucy's 
Pride, 8178.5 lb., fat 313.79 (297). 

The E13 Family got a strong foundation at Elmham through 
Davyson 3d 48 and Rufus 188, then passed into Mr. Hy. Birkbeck's 
herd at Stoke, and thence to Whitlingham, where 2159 Elizabeth 
opened the record-5th c.-6,702 lb. (350), 6 yr. av., 7,833 lb. (2136), 
fat 3.4 to 6.8. 2159's gr.-dr. 7842 Ethel 2d-lst C.-7542 lb. (444); and 
7842's 11206 Ethel 3d-2d c.-6,826 lb. (427); 4th c, 8,792 lb. 16555 
Ellen 3d, another of the Whitlingham E13's, 1st c. November 15th, 
1902, recorded to December 31st, 2,954 Vo lb. (43), in 1903 6,682 lb. 
(365), and on March 31st, 1904, when her week's yield was 132% lb., 
had to her credit a total yield 11,509 lb. in 521 days. The sale cata- 
logue credited her with a 1904 yield 5,566^2 lb. and 2d calf. 



Two Families of F Group are recorded: 6793 Success — F4, 7-yr. 
av., 5450.93 lb. (1,970). Her 17063 Magnolia 1st c.-5,465 lb. (280); 
then 7-vr. av., 6,665 lb. (1,892). 17063's 20443 Majimag-lst c- 
8,013% *Ib. (511), 20789 Melton Magnum-lst c- 5445y2 lb. (364), 
21259 Melton Daisv-lst c.-8,101i/2 lb. (316); 2d c. 9478 lb. (348), 21730 
Melton Baroness, 3-vr. av., 7,788 lb. (899), and 22670 Melton Constance, 
from November 12th, 1912, 1st c, 8,985 lb. (415), milked to March 
15th, 1914; on March 18th, 2d c, and the year's yield 6,624 lb. (363). 
20443's 22675 Melton Ruby, 1st c. October 15th, 1913: 2d c. September 
30th, 1914; milk yield the 434 days, 7,988 V^ lb. 

Lord Heytesbury, 'at the starting of his herd, bought two F4 
and two F6. There has been a re-registry, with Heytesbury added 
to the former names, and new numbers. (These are now cjuoted). 
15092 He^-tesburv Silk— F4-3d c.-6,878 lb. (313). Her 19831 Heytes- 
burv Silk 3d, 7-yr. av., 6,777.14 lb. 1,905); highest record, 8,155 lb. 
(296); and 22,611 Hevtesbury Satin-lst c.-with vield-2d c. from De- 
cember 2d, 1913, 6,507 lb. (252), then 9,850 lb. (365). 

The earliest F6 record 1737 Poll was at Whitlingham-6th to 9th 
c-4-yr. av., 7,078 lb. (1,169). 2961 Maud— the dr. of 1680 Moll, twin 
of 1737 Poll — was bought by Lord He>i:esbury. Her 15078 Heytes- 
bury Magnetic was dam of 15077 Heytesbury Magnet, 7,684 lb. (323), 
and 15084 Heytesbury Perennial, 6073 lb. (243). 15084's 19824 Heytes- 
bury Perennial 2d, 3-vr. av., 6391.66 lb. (865). and 19823 Heytesbury 
Oak Apple-lst c- 5,673 lb (309). 19824's 22608 Heytesbury Peren- 
nial 3d, 16719 lb. (287), 7847 lb. (298). 



Mr. John Hammond's HI and H2 Families have won many a 
prize in Royal and other competitions for beauty of form and high 
worth as beef cattle. Some 70 milk records may be found to evidence 
good value in the other condition; for which the dual-purpose cattle 
will yet be held to be the most satisfying of all needs in farm econom- 
ics. Reference has been made in the note on Milk Records to the 



30 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

daily yield of 1451 Davy 27th— HI from August 20th, 1892, to April 
30th, 1893. A brief analysis of the record may be of value for com- 
parison not only with the Red Polled avei'ages set forth in these 
pages, but also with records of the yield of other breeds, dairy as 
well as dual-purpose. On the 5th day of the record the yield was 
42 pints; the 8th to 19th, 48— save two days, 44; to 26th, 52 to 56; 
the next 22 days, 48 to 40; 25 days of October, 38 to 36; November, 
41 and 40; December, 5 days, 40; 26 days and on to January 24th, 
39; then to March 28th, 38 to 33, 4 days, 26; and on to April 30th, 
24 to 22. At the last named date the total was 9,349 pints (11,218.8 
lb.) in 251 days, and she was then' yielding 154 pints (192% lb.) for 
the week. As Davy 27th gave birth to 2741 Davy 54th on August 
5th, 1893, it calls for little guesswork to come to the conclusion that 
she would have increased her total to something like 10,000 pints 
(12,250 lb). No other record is available from Bale, so there are 
wanting details to estimate how much of this result was due to en- 
vironment. All the HI cows bred there are registered as Davy with 
an appended number. 

4851 Davy 87th, 4th in descent from 167 Daw 5th (which was 
dam of Davy '27th), 5th c, 8,714% lb. (288); 9th c, 9,866 lb. (265); 
6-yr. av., 7698.4 lb. (1,659). 6288 Daw 99th-3d c- 10,881 V2 lb. (681). 
2289 Lady Day, 2-yr. av., 6,683 lb. (682). Her 5773 Mrs. Gamp, 7- 
vr. av., 6,354.28 lb. (2210), and 5492 Galatea, 5 yv. av., 8079.4 lb. 
(1,636); highest record, 9,408 lb. 2289's gr.-dr. 8026 May Queen, 
7-yr. av., 8378.57 lb. (2.141); highest records, 7th c, 10,144 lb. (322); 
Stii c, 9,8611/2 lb. (322). These records were made at Melton Con- 
stable, in the same area of Norfolk as Bale. Turning to a very dif- 
ferent environment: 10849 Troston Daw 2d (on Lord Rothschild's es- 
tate), 3-yr. av., 6,083 lb. (914). Her il899 Troston Davy 3d-lst c- 
7,623 lb.* (327); 6-vr. av..- 6690.8 lb. (1,975); highest record, 7,980 
lb. (341). With her. 18736 Troston Daw 4th-lst c.-18,905 lb. (408), 
2d c, 9,452 lb. (319). 13390's Daw Lass 2-yr. av., 5412.5 lb. (529). 
19114 Daphne-lst c.-6,015 lb. (428); 2d c, 6,283 "b. (490). 20457 Molly 
Bawn's (bred in West Suffolk) 21032 Ashmoor Molly (removed to 
East Suftolk)-6th c.-6,241 lb. (332); 21978 Ashmoor Mary-lst c- 
6,491 lb. (354), and 22420 Ashmoor Margaret-2d C.-6666.2 lb. (336). 

American Records: 15647 Princess 5th, 7065.8 lb., fat 231.39. 
16457 Daw 213th, 9871.25 lb., fat 329.22. [19119] Vetie, 5986.9 lb., 
fat 238.67 (282). [24136] Kate 7884.7 lb., fat 351. [24137] Beauty, 
8739.5 lb., fat 359.73; her [30940] Betty, 7092.4 lb., fat 292.75. 
[28208] Dollv, 9453.1 lb., fat 374.89 (334). [29605] Daisy, 8079.3 lb., 
fat 301.12; 12939.1 lb., fat 501.83 (352). [29972] Dell, 8459.6 lb., fat 
294.67. [31224] Dale, 8350.4 lb., fat 293.11. 

Breed Analvses: 167 Davy 5th, N. 800, RP. 200; 1451 Davy 27th, 
N. 628.12, S. 40.62, RP. 331.25 [24137] Beauty, N. 544.64, S. 99.42, 
RP. 355.89. [30940] Betty, N. 501.66, S. 180.17, RP. 318.11. 

73 Buttercup — H2, which, as a 2-yr.-old heifer was a Royal and 
County winner, Mr. J. J. Colman bought at 100 guineas from Mr. 
Hammond, won yet other honors, and in due course the third of de- 
scent from her, 2123 Daisy Chain, was transferred to Whitlingham. 
5th c, she recorded 7,650 lb. (478), 6th c. 6,580 lb. (361), and 
a 3->T. av. followed 4,786 lb. (856). 2487 Red Daisy having the same 
gr. d., 823 Daisv 3d, also came: 3d c. 9,555 lb. (357), 4th c. 8,579% 
lb. (311), then 7,485 lb. (325), and lastly 6th c.-ll,269y2 lb. (424). 
4000 Easter, from the same dam— 1474 Easton Daisy-lst c.-9,009% 
lb. (617), and 5 calves after that, av. 5,022 lb. (1,436), fat 3.2 to 4.1. 
2123's 7707 Daisy Chain-lst c.-7,524 lb. (357), fat 3.2; 6,809 lb. (305); 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 31 

8,906 lb. (328). 1474's 3818 Whitlingham Daisy was sold to Captain 
V. T. Hills with her 5190 Amarylis, and her calf Whitlingham Chief 
and H2 stock were thus introduced into the United States as HI had 
been in 1882. Record of [26749] Flossie (5th in descent from Ama- 
ryllis), 9067.1 lb., fat 357.24; 12929.5 lb. fat 531.17. [28994] Flora 
(progeny of the same dam 16647 Floe, and sire Marmion 5674), 
5316.5 lb., fat 234.64; 7,442 lb., fat 320.81. 

Breed Analyses: 1474 Easton Daisy, N. 368.75 RP. 631.25. 3818 
Whitlingham Daisy, N. 450.15, S. 28.71, RP. 511.13. 5190 Amaryllis, 
N. 505.85, S. 4306, RP. 451.07. 16647 Floe, N. 516.82, S. 589.63, 
RP. 393.92. [26749] Flossie, N. 535.78, S. 92.19, RP. 371.96. 



The Hudson Red Polled with its Reeve blood, as bred at Billing- 
ford for many years, was in 1859 introduced into the Elmham heid. 
A later addition 516 Ruby — 12 was bought in 1866 for the Marham 
herd, and the progeny got a further addition of the Reeve blocd. Mr. 
A. J. Smith, in 1882, bought at Marham a young heifer 2791 Eyke 
Jennie. By a large measure of Suffolk blood was got 4018 Eyke Jane, 
11-yr. av., 5943.34 lb.; highest record-8th c.-7,835% lb. (355). 4018's 
7456 Squaw-lst c.-5,870 lb. (323), then 3-yr. av., 7,406 lb. (933); 
and 7845 Evke Jessie, which transferred to Whitlingham in October, 
in 1896, with 2d c. gave 8,852 ^/^ lb. (371), fat 3.2; then 6,588 V4 lb. 
(289), followed by 10,325y2 lb. (297), 10,624 lb. (320), ll,097i/4 lb. 
(340). Breed Analyses: 2791 Eyke Jennie, N. 476.56, S. 77.34. RP. 
446.9. 4019, N. 425.78, S. 324.60, RP. 249.60. 7845 Eyke Jessie, N. 
429.88, S. 371.81, RP. 198.28. 7845's 16603 Evke Jessie 2d-lst c- 
6,9141/2 lb. (327), and from 1906, 5-vr av., 7210.4 lb. (1,487). 7456's 
15900 Squaw 2d-lst c.-9,982 lb. (631); 2d c, 6,337i2 lb. (272). Third 
in descent from 2791, 12266 Eyke Judy, 3-vr av., 6805.33 lb. (867); 
13408 Eyke Jeannette, 6-yr. av., 7521.7 lb. (1,948); 15158 Jessie-lst 
c.-13,007% lb. (728); 13470 Evke Jovous-2d c.-9,794 lb. (624); and 
18027 Eyke-lst c.-7,385 lb. 18027's 21635 Echo, 3-vr. av., 6,586 lb. 
(963). 

Mr. Savory, of Rudham Grange, was one of the early Norfolk 
adoptei's of the Reeve material. 19, 112, and 113 cows made a few 
records. 3272 Bridesmaid — 19 (bred at Troston), from 10th c, had 
a 4-yr. av. 8406.5 lb. (1,235). 6499 Lovely 4th— 112, 6-vr. av., 6,980 
lb. (2,063), fat 4.0; highest record, 2d c, 8,265% lb. (350). 6501 
Lovely 7th— 112-lst c.-4,774% lb., then 8-vr. av., 6416.3 lb. (2,452), 
fat 3.8 to 4.5. 18148 Lottie 2d— 112-lst c.-8,998i2 lb. 10343 Heroine 
—113, 4-yr. av., 6,371 lb. (1,083). 2270 Jessie— 121 (the Hudson of 
Quarles strain), 8th c, 6,457% lb. (360). 



Of the old-time Red Polled herds which were in the Kimberly 
district, only a feAV sui-vived the rinderpest cattle plague. 6376 Gal 
2d— K15 had a 7-yr. av., 8,005 lb. (2,302); top record, 8th c, 9,915^^ 
lb. (305). Gal 4th-lst c.-6,528% lb. (413), fat 3.8. 6376's 10185 Dor- 
othy-lst c.-10,813 lb. (483). 3895 Atkins 2d— K17 (5th in descent 
from 90 Cherry, which B. Brown l-tad rescued from the Coston herd), 
7-yr. av., 5856.5 lb (2,084). Cherry's 599 Thursford Queen, at Thora- 
ham, gave High Suffolk breeders access to the prime strain. 5876 
Queen D. 3d (4th from 599), at Tring Park, 4-vr. av., 10,409 lb. (1,196). 
13912 Minnow, 4 calves, av., 5,045 lb. (1,111); her 19899 Melton Maji- 
mina-lst c.-5,483i/2 lb. (308), then 6-yr. av., 8444.66 lb. (1,990). [22638] 



32 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

Lady, 8370.7 lb., fat 313.70; 8189.8 lb., fat 286.88 (338); 9346.6 lb., 
fat 333.45 [27711] Lady 2d, 7405.4 lb., fat 277.4; 7631.5 lb., fat 290.76. 

Of K18 there are onlv American records. [21885] Princess, 9,326 
lb., fat 3i)1.77. [36378] Rozelle, 10121.5 lb., fat 422.07. Of K19, only 
English 17264 Nellie 6th, 4-yr. av., 8657.5 lb. (1,252). 19075 Chedda, 
5-yr. av., 7,085 lb. (1.327). k23 has only American records. [19435] 
Countess 2d, 5589.5 lb., fat 250.03 (242); 8,670 lb., fat 357.02 (347); 
6539.9 lb., fat 229.45 (268). [24608] Jane, 9838.35 lb., fat 420.11; 
9528.5 lb., fat 400.37. [24607] Jennie, 8155.4 lb., fat 341.23 (334); 
and her [31090] Jennie Red, 5342.2 lb., fat 272.3 (340); 5835.9 lb., 
fat 285.37 (315). [28454] Claw, 9420.9 lb., fat 413.34. K24 com- 
pletes the Palmer of Vv'ilbv contribution to the K Group. 4911 Frag- 
iel, 3-yr. av., 578i».9 lb. (756); her 732!) Miss Fragile-lst c.-5,853% 
lb. (441), and 4th in descent from 4911, 18036 Fanny, 2-yr av., 6,146 
lb. (568). 

K25 and K26 Families are progeny of two cows, each from an 
old herd near Watton. Grand-daughters of 3638 Patience: 9355 Found 
— K25, lO-yr.-old record, 9,248 lb. (425), and 12009 Belle, 17,549 lb. 
(803). 12789 Plum was taken to Wisconsin by Mr. J. W. Martin, 
where, in 1905, was bred a gr.-dr. [24888] Pear, by Corporal 4313 — 
Tl-lst c.-6,387 lb., fat 262.98, followed by 9,183 lb., fat 445.45; 
7616.2 lb., fat 338.68 (340); 9544.6 lb., fat 419.89; 13160.6 lb. fat 603- 
.66; 9,177 lb., fat 407.17; 8183.1 lb., fat 372.2 (287). Pear's daughters 
[289!)1] J. D. Pear. 7,450 lb., fat 304.86 (322); 13538.4 lb., fat 546.34; 
16598.4 lb., fat 407.24; [31726] J. D. L. Peach, 6115.3 lb., fat 271.87; 
7264.4 lb., fat 312.54; 11357.2 lb., fat 501.08; and [33553] J. D. L. Plum, 
8451.9 lb., fat 421.60. J. D. Pear's [35782] J. D. L. Pineapplle, 6871.1 
lb., fat 301.03. From [18801] Peach— which was also the dam of 
Pear— [28400] Pattie, 6,591 lb., fat 282.16 (304); 10490.3 lb., fat 
435.14. Tracing to the same 1723 Patience, 12323 Fondle, 10-yr-old 
record, 6014.05 lb., fat 292.69 (335); [22712] Flora, 6553.25 lb., fat 
263.83 (335, in milk 396); [24229] Freda, 8220.4 lb., fat 334.52; [26869] 
Fret, 6254.2 lb., fat 252.03 (257); [28;;97] Pretty, 8,482 lb., fat 270.74 
(324); 9861.6 lb., fat 396.16. 

Breed Analvses: Plum, N. 421.41, S. .•;81.40, RP. 197.15. Peach, 
N. 511.67, S. 209.74, RP. 278.55. Pear, N. 521.11, S. 135.43, RP. 343.42. 
J. D. L. Pear, N. 511.20, S. 156.53, RP. 332.22. 

The only K26 records: 18896 Rude, 2-yr. av., 7,482 lb. 19748 
Duel-2d c.-6,932 lb. (289). 



L3 Family is descended from old Elmliam stock, brought to Mile- 
ham. 19162 Ella, 4-vr. av., 8931.65 lb.; vr. 1914 record, 10,954 lb., 
fat 4.14 (321). 19759 Emma 7th, 2-vr. av., 6543.5 lb. (496). 22882 
Wroxham Elf-lst c.-6,469 lb. (248); 2d c, 8,151 lb. (359). 

L3 American records: [24874] Ethel, !>5!)7.1 lb., fat 415.2. [25896] 
Upshot 2d, 9,959 lb., fat 370.17. [26618] Floss, 11602.9 lb., fat 449.99. 
[26619] Flora, 6982.3 lb., fat 262.11; 12,590 lb., fat 593.73. [28389] 
Missie, 6051.7 lb., fat 215.77 (317). [29275] Gipsy, 7411.8 lb., fat 
305.65 (313). [29276] Goldie, 8248.5 lb., fat 304.43; 9289.1 lb., fat 
360.99 (333). [29278] Gale, 6912.5 lb., fat 244.53 (357); 10664.4 lb., 
fat 400.13 (343). [29279] Hannah, 7592.4 lb., fat 305.89. [30939] 
Minnie's Last, 8476.3 lb., fat 308.79 (358). [33015] Rosa, 5196.9 lb., 
fat 213..34 (296). [33016] Blaze, 8087.8 lb., fat 262.47. [35139] 
Inez, 8373.7 lb., fat 320.44 (321); 11082.20 lb., fat 438.9. 

4186 Lula— L9 (from a Wending herd)— 1st c.-5,461 lb. (269), 
4th c. 7,547 lb., fat 4.3 (297). 6997 Chestnut, 10-yr. av., 5289.4 lb., fat 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 33 

3.8 to 4.7 (2866). Her 9014 Sweet Chestnut, 3-vr av., 5,798 lb. (872). 
9915 Wild Rose, 3-vr. av., 7444.66 lb. (1,024). 9014's 13627 Honest 
Wavward-3d c.-6,955 lb. (397); 5th and 6th c, 18,800 lb. (693). 19290 
Lark, 7-vr. av., 7,345 lb. (2,312); highest record, 10,220% lb., butter 
459 lb. (302). 

L12 from an old herd at Longham, 18148 Lottie 2d-4th c.-ll,833i/2 
lb. (329), 5th c. Il,728y2 lb. (351). 19874 Kintore-lst C.-11443 lb. 
(723). 



M2 Family, believed to be of A5 stock, introduced into the Mar- 
ham herd. 2356 Marham, 1887-90, 4-vr. total, 25,510V4 lb. (1,294). 
7189 Hopeful, 6-yr. av., 6737.28 lb. (1,788); highest record, 8,067 lb. 
(315). M5 of Eaton stock, 4927 Glee-lst c.-7,791U lb. (442), 2d c. 
6,2001/4 lb. (287). 11270 Gav, 4-vr. av., 6,603 lb. (1,369). [28393] 
Gay, 7,219.3 lb., fat 326.66. 



Of the N Group, there are records from Nl to 7 and N24, all 
tracing back to the early days of the 18th century, and N17, which 
from the Oakley* strain, combined good form and substance with 
heavy ihilking qualities. As there are full records taken at Necton 
Hall Farm 30 years, those are here selected to evidence the progres- 
sive inheritance. 

1733 Phoebe— Nl got 13 calves: 8th to 10th C.-7955.66 lb. (970), 
3-yr. lesser av., 6,146 lb. (877). Fourth in descent from 1733, 18548 
Dame, 10-yr. av., 6981.1 lb. (3,166); her 22662 Longford Mandoline 
3d c.-9,472 lb. (332). 18053 Frostv Face-3d c.-S,084 lb. (282); 5th 
0.-8,231 lb. (331); 10th c, 5,662 lb. (245). Ker 21102 Cheriton Per- 
dition-lst c.-12,401 lb. (427); 4th c, 8,690 lb. (320), and 22046 Cher- 
iton Frost-lst c.-7,894 lb. (340). 

Of N2 Family there are 42 records of descendants of 342 Minnie, 
which Lord Sondes bought of Col. Mason in 1856, and which v>-as 
sired by the Red Polled that won at the Norwich R. A. S. E. in 1849. 
Daughters went to Mr. Colman's at Easton, to Marham, and to Tros- 
ton a while before the Herd Book was founded. 3244 Barbara, from 
the Marham stock, averaged with 5th and 6th c. 6318.75 lb. (646). 
Her 8028 Meddlesome-4th to 6th c.-av. 7684.66 lb. (1,262). 4th in 
descent from 3244, 20788 Melton Maggie-lst c.-8,149 lb. (350), then 
4-yr. av., 8316.75 lb. (1,166), and in 1914-6th c.-10,733% lb. (291). 
Her 22671 Melton Florry, 3 calves, 2-^n■. av., 8839.5 lb. (685). 4th 
in descent from 3244, 13958 Muriel, 6-vr. av., 8143.5 lb. (1,759): top 
record-7th C.-10.219 lb. (316). 3d in descent at Troston from 342, 
7373 Omelct-4th c.-ll,425 lb., 5th c. 10,514 lb., 6th c. (11,045 (952); 
Her 9857 Sweet Omelet-2d c.-6,992 (318), 4th c. 7,832 lb. (371); 7-yr. 
av., 6942.14 lb. (2,337): 13600 Hastoe Tulip-4th to 6th c. av.-8513.33 
lb. (802). 6th in descent from 342, 4997 Maggie, 8 calves, av. 6749 
lb., fat 3.8 to 4.7 (2,452). Her 13823 Maggie 2d, 2-vr. av., 5520.5 
lb. (569), and 13823's 17075 Maple-lst c.-6,104 lb. [34036] Minnie 2d, 
7732.2 lb., fat 308.11; 9512.8 lb., fat 395.32. Breed Analysis: N. 
548.76, S. 236.57, RP. 214.62. 

Of N4 records 122: The earliest 1496 Empress 5th-10th c.-7-jt. 
av., 5470.28 lb.; top record-lOth c.-8,738 lb. (257). Her gr.-dr., 9562 
Mempriss-8th c.-7,291 lb., fat 3.99 (335); 8th c, 8,171 lb., fat 4.33 
(256). 4th from Empress, 10746 Rustle, 9-vr. av., 7401.36 lb., fat 
3.73 to 4.9 (3,182). 10207 Effigy-7th c.-8,438 lb., fat 3.4 (344); 10th 
c, 10,5521/2 lb., fat 3.2 (365); 12th c, 9,116y2 lb., fat 3.8 (353). Her 



34 • DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

18602 Expectation-lst c.-6,181% lb., fat n.9 (337); 8-vr. av., 6130.37 
lb. (2,413). Expectation's 21162 Evangeline lst-5th c. av.-5511.8 lb.; 
1915 record, 6.046 lb., fat 4.4 (295). 4388 Rosina 3d, 9-yr. av., 6480.1 
lb., fat 3.7 to 4.5 3,152); 8th c, 7,163 lb. (365); 9th c, 7,472 lb. (366). 
4549 Eugenie 4th, 8-vr. av., 5171.1 lb., fat 3.6 (2,649); her gr.-dr., 
11272 Geenie, 9-yr. av., 7355.6 lb., fat 3.4 to 4.15 (2,600, 4 last years 
milked 1,4G0 dav.^). Geenie's 19220 Gemma, 9-vr. av., 9,009 lb., fat 
3.7 to 4.4 (3,279, not dry 2d to 5th c.) [25106] Leona, 11069 lb., fat 
469.52. [26498] Liza, 10807.75 lb., fat 545.25. [26501] LHy Davy, 
9404.25 lb., fat 390.96. [29110] Luna Daw, 8,573 lb., fat 379.46. 
[30808] Popular Luna, 10,038 lb., fat 435.98. [31335] Popular Liza, 
8,689 lb., fat 375.73 (305). [31352] Ladv Rose, 9592.25 lb., fat 437.72. 
[31357] Luna Lassie, 10765.75 lb., fat 502.32. 

Breed Analyses: 1496 Empress, N. 737.5, S. 159.37. RP. 103.12. 
Mempriss. N. 658.34, S. 137.24, RP. 304.40. Geenie, N. 461.95, S. 
279.49, RP. 158.52. Gemma, N. 496.25, S. 170.30, RP. 333.40. [18552] 
Luna, N. 461.79, S. 190.72, RP. 347.44, [31357] Luna Lassie, N. 460.76, 
S. 285.07, RP. 254.13. 

Of N5 the records are f<^\v. 5117 Sheba 3d, 9-vr. av., 8140.77 
lb., fat 3.62 to 4.0 (3,145). Her gr.-dr.'s 18095 Sceptre, 4-vr. yield, 
8,103'^2 lb. to 9,360 lb., av. 8403.87 lb., and 15893 Spitfire-lst c.-6,907 
lb. (361). 

The 50 records of N6 open with 3988 Davstar, 10-yr. av., 6,660 
lb., fat 3.3 .to 3.75 (last 3 vrs. 1,095). From the saine dam, 2751 Day- 
light— N6, 9290 Dusk 4th-8th c.-5-vr. av., 7565.3 lb., .'at 4.2 to 5.0 
(1,667). Her 18587 Duchess-lst c.-6,904-';4 lb., fat 3.5 (351) 10-yr. 
av., 7142.4. Duchess' 20316 Duchess of Necton-lst e.-7,487 lb. (365), 
6-vr. av., 6587.6 lb., fat 3,4 to 4.3 (2.390); 5th c. 7,000-"4 lb., fot 4.3 
(330). 12216 Dot-lst and 2d c.-6,678i2 lb., 4,740 lb. (730), then 3-yr. 
av.. 6217.75 lb., fat 3.8 to 4.20 (2,684): last year, 6,477 lb. (365). Her 
21630 Dove, 2-vr. av., 7290.5 lb., fat 3.8 (630). 18471 Bifrons Qu'-en- 
3d c.-8,l00 lb. (411). 19103 Crescent-lst c.-S,073 lb. (500). 22328 
Star 6th. 3-vr. av., 9925.5 lb., fat 4.7. 18162 Medlar-3d c.-9,074i2 
lb. (280): 5th c, 10,0401.2 lb. (308); 5 other vears' av., 7.939 lb. (1,601). 

Breed Analyses: Daylight, N. 490.23, S. 248.33, RP. 26142. Day- 
star, N. 519.49, S. 164.0, RP. 256.49. 

3058 Princess — N17 record, made 30 years ago, 8,030 lb. (304), 
then 2-vr. av., 6471.5 lb. (644). Her 3d in descent, 11038 Caister Prin- 
cess-5th c.-6,680;4 lb. (319). 20217 Bockmer Carnation-3d c.-5,197 
lb. (319). 1724 Patsie— N24-5th c.-7,420 lb. (311); 6th c, 7,563^2 lb. 
(307). Her gi'.-dr., 11G84 Pearl 1st c. -4,646 lb. (428), then 4-vr. av.. 
7,270 lb. (1.264). 



Refei'ence has been made to Sir Edward Kerrison's good work 
at Oakley and Brome, on the northwest border of High Suffolk. There 
would seem to have been no private register of breeding, while Red 
Polled cattle were frequently sent by him as competitors from the 
Cambridge R. A. S. E. Show in 1840. The earliest milk records are 
of the closing vears at Whitlingham of 2446 Pink — 01. Her 3242 
Ashlyns Pink, 3-yr. av., 5513.33 I'b.; 3913 Carnation, 4th to 6th c, av. 
6774.33 lb. (1,009); 12th and 13th c, av. 1,4.151^ lb. (700); and 6171 
Ashlyns Svbil, 5-vr. av., 7797.4 lb. (1.407). 3913's 7645 Ashlyns Ca- 
nation 2d,'7-yr. av., 6650.8 lb., and 17892 Ashlyns Caniation 6th-4th 
0.-7,109 lb. (364). 7645's gr.-dr., 19900 Majiminor 5th-8th c.-av., 
8402.25 lb. (1,270); her 23126 Melton Princess 1st, 5,165i^ lb. (320). 
Daughters of 1362 Careless — 02 recorded at Whitlingham: 2875 
Heedless, 6-yr. av., 7545.2 lb. (1,836); 5th c, 12,679i/2 lb. (536); 6th 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 35 

c, 10,642% lb. (395); and 2672 Careful-lst c.-8.137i/4 lb. (441); 3d c, 
14,408% lb. (595); 4,th c. 8,717% lb., fat 4.3 (357); and other 4-yr. 
av., 6322.19 lb. Careless' 7697 Beth-lst c.-5,295% lb., then 3-vr. av., 
5240.5 lb. (885). Careful's 9223 Comic-lst c.-6,311i^ lb., fat 4.7 (476), 
then 6-yr. av., 7627.2 lb., (1,792); and 10086 Careful 2d, 6-yr. av., 
6664.5 lb. (1,827). 13198 Beth 3d-lst c.-6,658 lb. (353). 

Breed Analyses: Careful, N. 368.75, S. 454.68, RP. 176.56. Care- 
ful 2d. N. 431.25, S. 264.06, RP. 304.68. 

15720 Rendlesham Cowslip— 03, 3-yr. av., 8669.66 lb.; 4th c, 
11,352 lb. (365). 11211 Eyke Jewess (14 calves), 71.800% lb. (4,239). 

548 Silence — 09 came to Mr. J. J. Colman's herd from Sir E. 
Kerrison's. Her gr.-dr., 2536 Silent Beauty, was transferred to Whit- 
lingham when 3-yr.-old, and her first record was 6,321% lb. (313), 
5th c, 11,133% lb. (556), 8-vr. av., 6.313 lb. (2,338); last vear's record, 
7,357% lb., fat 4.9 (287). Her 3860 Barmaid-lst c.-7,571 lb. (451); 
6783 Sprite, 5-yr. av., 5476.8 lb., fat 3.9 to 4.2 (1,581). 2156 Dummy 
last 2 vrs., 8,324 lb. (290), 6,582 lb. (306). 5431 Dummy 2d-9th c- 
8,049 lb., fat 3.4 (257); her 11177 Doris-lst c.-8,138 lb. (462), and 
14855 Dummy 5th-lst c.-6,421% lb. (476); 2d c, 6,021 lb. (288). 
Barmakl's 6902 Barbara, 2-vr. av., 5830.8 lb. (543). 6902's gr.-dr., 
16148 Barbara 4th-lst c.-4,967 lb. (338), 2d c, 6,206 lb. (341). Doris' 
14845 Dot-lst c.-4,281V2 lb. (294). 

Breed Analysis: Silent Beauty, N. 427.34, S. 213.08, RP. 359.57. 

The unique record of 2728 Crocus — Oil by Cato 468, I told years 
ago, but it bears repeating. Her 1st c, 11,178V2 lb. (523 days from 
18th September, 1887, to 22d February, 1889), 21 days after 2d c, 
and milked to 17th April. 1890, 11,450% lb. (397); 3d c. on 11th May, 
and a mishap, which led to the veterinary certifying that she was 
incapable of further breeding. The order was given to milk as long- 
as possible and then fatten. From 19th June, 1890, she milked to 30th 
September, 1899. Bv 31st December, 1891, she had added 15,055 lb. 
to her record, fat 5.6 to 5.4. In 1898 she gave 3,540% lb. (365), and 
in the nine months of 1899, 1,690% lb., 6.17 lb. per day on grass 
feed, fat 4.3; live weight, 1,831 lb., when slaughtered early in October. 
Total yield in 9 yr. 4 m., 50,593 lb.; her 12 yr., 9 days, "72,221% lb.; 
dry 51 days only. 

Crocus' gr.-dani was 1229 Thoniham Pollv, and 5 generations 
later 19298 Little Mary, was bought bv Mr. A. J. Smith. 1st c, 6,369 
lb. (290); 2d c, 8,079 lb. (302); 3d c, 8,868 lb. (336); 4th c, 5,923% 
lb. (365). Her 20891 Rendlesham Little Mary-lst c.-7,029% lb. (331); 
3d c, 7,260% lb. (296) and 22267 Rendlesham Mary, 6,269% lb. (309). 

6341 Eyke Ruth— 013-lst c.-7,355 lb. (298); 2d c, 5,685 lb. (293). 
Her 8959 Ruth, 8-yr. av., 6358.62 lb. (2,602). 15728 Rendlesham Pearlv- 
1st C.-5.864 lb., then 8-yr. av., 8402.37 lb. (2,505); 8th c, 10,752 lb. 
(332). 22428 Ashmoor Red Rose-lst c.-5,534 lb.; 2d c, 6,112 lb. (353). 

31 records of 014. 5374 Creamv-lst c.-5,831% lb. (506). 9006 
Comelv-lst c.-5,486 lb. (315). 8940 Rosette-3d c.-9,377 lb. (291); 5th 
c, 12,233 lb. (290); 6th c, 12,654 lb. (341); 7th c, 10>641 (287); 
8th c, 10,806 lb. (306); 9th c, 10,392 lb. (330); 11th c, 8,943 lb. (364); 
12th c. and last, 8,471 lb. (294). Her 10718 Rosebush-lst and 2d c- 
9,033 lb. (350); 3d c, 9,919 lb. (371); 5th c, 10,069 lb. (321); then 
2-yr. av., 9160.5 ib. (550). Breed Analyses: Rosette, N. 393.79, S. 
494.57, RP. 111.62. Rosebush, N. 373.03, S. 343.37, RP. 283.54. 10718's 
17977 Crimson Rambler-lst c.-6,105 lb. (314); 4-yr. av., 6761.75 lb. 
Sixth in descent from the head of the 014 Family, 772 Cherry — 014, 
while Rosette was 3d in descent, 12919 Rosie Bud, 8-yr. av., 8842.3 lb. 
(2,508); highest record, 9,773% lb. (365). Her 14149 Rendlesham 



36 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

Rose-lst c. -6,043 lb. (275), and this 1st calf's 18859 Rendlesham Rosa, 
5-vr. av., 6833.8 lb. (1,400). 

Of other lines of 014 breeding, 19384 Omega-2d 0.-9,411^^ lb.; 
3d c, 11,6841/4 lb.; 5th c, 10,186^2 lb.; 6th c, 9,595 1^ lb.; 7th c, 
11,450% lb.; 8th c, 10,342% lb.; and her 20471 Omega 3d, 9,256 lb., 
9,89914 lb., 10,464 lb. 20765 Kettleburgh Rosie 3d, 7-vr. old, 12,192% 
lb.; her Kettleburgh Rosie 4th, 10,242% lb. 19696 Canterbury-lst c- 
8,266 lb.; her 21082 Canterbury Bell, 5-vr. av., 6804.2 lb. (1,452); high- 
est record, 1915's 8,062 lb. (279). 

10194 Duchess— 016-2d c.-9,921 lb. (362); 4th c, 9,679 lb. (364); 
5th c, 11,843 lb. (364). Her 12303 Hastoe Damsel-2d c.-6,054 lb. (320). 



Nicholas Powell, whose family, farmed at Little Snoring, near 
Fakenham, 100 years, was, till railways were established, a noted 
breeder of the Hackney horse. Like many a Norfolk farmer, he 
thought the novelty would be fatal to the trotting horse. So he 
turned his attention to the breeding of Red Polled cattle. He knew 
all the desirable (jualities of the stock, as John Reeve had bred them 
just five miles distant from Snoring, and that the son-in-law, Eng- 
land, had just parted with his good cows. Their whereabouts he also 
knew. So of the Binhara Red Polled he secured five heifers for 45 lbs. 
Further, he knew where the Reeve stock had been well and freely 
used, got a bull from Fisher Bradfield at Elmham, and later one 
from Ben Pond at Dunham. That judicious selection for great depth 
of color, good form, and milk yiekl well and over a long period had 
been his rule I found when I visited him in the autumn of 1873. He 
had kept no memoranda of breeding, but though well in years his mem- 
ory was good, and I was made to realize that the Powell blood meant 
at least four parts of every five a Rcve product. Ben Brown, of 
Thursford, had. before I knew Powell, bought of his best; had sup- 
plied and had bred from them, and, as 1 have said, thus rescued the 
fruits of Reeve's and Powell's care fror-) the cattle plague. 

The only available records of PI i;re descendants of 372 Nelly 
(gr.-dr. of 243 Handsome, the foundation cow). Nelly's 1069 Penelope, 
bred by Mr. Fulcher, was added to the Marham herd. Her 3054 Plaus- 
ible recorded at Whitlingham-lst c.-4,503i4 lb. (277), 2d c. 6,164 lb. 
(333); and her 3040 Palm had two daughters there, 11666 Palm Branch 
-Lst c. -6,223 lb. (294), then 4-vr. av., 8693.5 lb. (1,175), and 11667 
Palm 3d c.-7,840 lb. (322). Palm Branch's 18208 Pamela recorded-lst 
c.-6,043 lb. (345), 2d c. 5,972 lb. (314), 3d c. 8,281 lb. (334). 8821 Pa- 
tience, 3d in descent from Penelope, made records by her 18784 Pas- 
sion, 7-vr. av., 7,156.24 lb.; highest record in 1912, 8,613 lb, fat 3.8; 
and 20473 Pansy, 6-vr. av., 8422.16 lb., followed in 1914 and 1915 by 
10,306 lb., fat 3.99, and 10,472 lb. 

P2 records opened v.'ith 2263 Ivy, progeny of 1588 Isabel, 3d in 
descent fi'om 572 Strawberry, the foundation cow. Ivy's 5-yr. av., 
5195.75 lb. (1,689); highest record, 6,166% lb. (314). Her 6569 Miss 
Ivy-lst c.-4,129 (322); 11-yr. av., 4,685 lb., fat 3.5 (3,036). 2044 Bru- 
nette, bred by Mr. Colman, was at Whitlingham from 3d c, 5-yr. av., 
5178.84 lb., fat 3.2 (1,411). Her gr.-dr., 101916 Aconite, 8-yr. av., 
5358.78 lb. Third in descent from Bi-unette, 20488 Primrose, 3-yr. 
av., 7873.5 lb. (923); and 20786 Mayflower, 4-vr. av., 8623.25 lb. 1,227); 
highest record in 1914, 10,654 lb. (333). Primrose's 23333, The 
League-lst c-8,781 lb. (333), 2d c. 7,489% lb. (286). 

The Rose — P3 Family has been the most successful of the Group 
in the prize ring and in popularity. In one herd in Norfolk there were 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 37 

at the opening of the present year 119 cows and heifers, and in an- 
other 12 — descendants of 479 Rose 2d, while in several other herds 
the P3 traced back to 600 Thursford Rose, another daughter of 478 
Rose. There are 56 P3 records. The earliest, 731 Broom, which was 
in the Stoke herd, and daughter of 479, 10th c, 6,443% lb. (530); 
11th c, 8,575 lb. (340). Her 3896 Brindy-lst c.-4,291 (390). Other 
gr.-drs. of the same cow, which Mr. Colman bought of B. Brown, 
made their records at Whitlingham: 2032 Blush Rose, 4-yr. av., 
6825.25 lb. (1339); 7th c, 8,050 lb (406). 2386 Rosy Morn-2d c- 
6,9551/2 lb. (286), then 5-vr. av., 7484.4 lb., fat 3.5 (1,603). 2386 
My Lady-2d c.-6,955V2 lb. (286), then 5-vr. av., 7484.5 lb., fat 3.5 
(1603). My Lady's 6584 My Lady 2d-2d c.-7,055% lb., fat 4.0 (294). 
6th in descent from 479, 6717 Roseleaf-lst c.-5,662% lb., fat 4.4 (391); 
Sd c, 7,356% lb., fat 3.3 (363). 6584's 9086 Young Ladv-lst c- 
5,354% lb. (343). Fifth in descent from 1830 Ruby Rose— exported 
to America in 1882, and which was third in descent from 479 Rose — 
was 12202 Easter, which though in milk 40 days when entering the 
test, recorded, at the Pan-American Exposition, 6,085 lb. in 184 days, 
and produced 264 lb. butter. Sixth in descent from 479, fourth from 
1146 Rose 5th (the dam of Ruby Rose) [41004] Pear's Sister, 7,555 
lb., fat 316.57 (298). 

The most complete records, coming from 1896 to the present 
time, of descendants of 479 Rose 2d, have been made -at Necton Hall. 
7085 Eugenie-4th c.-5,158 lb., fat 3.8 (365); 8th c, 7,199% lb., fat 
3.25 (352). Her 9120 Baroness-lst c.-4,563 lb., fat 3.8 (403); and 
18309 Sporle Eugenie, 8-vr. av., 7023.56 lb., fat 3.6 to 4.2 (2,711). 
Her 22,541 Egeria-lst c- 5,190% lb., fat 3.6 (300); 2d c, 6,141 lb., 
fat 4.9 (306). 8502 Emily, 10-yr. av., 7,672 lb., fat 3.4 to 4.4 (3,832). 
Her 18504 Emerald, 3-vr. av., 6,224 lb., fat 4.06 to 4.6 (937). Breed 
Analyses: Emily, N. 491.37, S. 101.81, RP. 406.78. Emerald, N. 560.75, 
S. 94.73, RP. 344.48. Emerald's 21156 Eleanor, 3-vr. av., 6,193 lb., 
fat 4.1 to 4.8 (1,090). 9643 Palgrave Rosa, 6-yr. av., 5870.54 lb., fat 
3.6 to 4.15 (2,142). Her 19394 Pearl-lst c.-5,884 lb., fat 3.5 (348); 
3d c, 8,160% lb., fat 3.25 (358). [23441] Cresco Queen, 8,380.5 lb., 
fat 329.67 (328). 

To 389 Nina 2d P4 most of the recording cows trace back. 2028 
Blue Bell-9th c.-7,585i/2 lb. (302). Her 2031 Blue Bonnet-3d c- 
7,0331/^ lb. (312), 4th c. 8,036% lb. (370), 6th c. 7,603V2 lb. (292), 7th 
c. 6,8931/0 lb. (303). 5650 Linda, 5th from 389-7th c.-6,463y2 lb., 
fat 3.6 (273); 8th c, 7,2971/2 lb. (301). Her 13767 Linda 3d was 
transferred after her 1st c. from Whitlingham to Sir Walter Corbet 
at Acton Reynold, Shrewsbury, where she is yet in Sir Gerald V. Cor- 
bet's herd, and a 17-yr.-old cow, bred in June, 1915, 25215 Linda 4th. 
Linda 3d's published record may well be set down year by year-2d 
c.-8,900% lb. (.329), 9,084V2 lb." (336), 9,985 lb. (319), 10',6d5% lb. 
(345), 11,026% lb. (344), 106351/2 lb. (351), 9,834% lb. (305), 8,520% 
lb. (312); 15th c, 9,0981/. lb. (323). Linda 3d's 20180 Acton Fillpail 
1st, 4,615% lb. (169), 9,847 lb. (348), ll,027i/l> lb. (358). Linda 3d's 
fat record at a R. A. S. E. test was 3.32. 

On another line of breeding from 389 Nina 2d, through stock 
bred near Epsom by Sir John W. Hartopp, and taken by Lord Maurice 
Fitzgerald to Johnstown Castle, Wexford, came 16483 Desiree of 
Johnstown, whose record at Acton Reynold was-2d c.-10,630i/^ lb. 
(316); then 4-yr. av., 9142.3 lb. (1,247). Another gr.-dr. of 5413 
Donna Gloss, 19503 Shamrock-lst c. -5,298% lb. (184), then 8,413i/2 
lb. (320). Desiree's 1905 R. A. S. E. fat test was: a. m. 4.14,, p. m. 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



5.10; other solids, a. m. 9.04, p. m. 8.97. At the 1907 Dairy Show: 
Fat, a. m. 3.91, p. m. 4.49; her butter ratio, 26.88. 

Breed Analyses: Linda. N. 368.75, s. 7069, PP. 560.54. Linda 
3d, N. .547.54, S*. 49.46, RP. 492.49. 5413 Donna Gloss, N. 544.92, S. 
12.0, RP. 443.06. 9431 Johnstown Gloss, N. 571.57, S. 65.33, RP. 363.05. 
Desiree of Johnstown, N. 517.05, S. 195.53 RP.- 287.37. 

Yet one more Family of Nicholas Powell's breeding, P7, was in 
1880 transferred to Lord Hastings for the newly-formed herd at Mel- 
ton Constable. Records have been kept from 1893. 8013 Maid of 
Honour-2d C.-9.296 lb. (561), then 4-yr. av., 6.277 lb. (1,103). Her 
18167 Milkmaid, 3-yr. av., 8799.8 lb. (990); then 5th c. 10,549y2 lb. 
(330), 6th c. 11,2771/2 lb. (364); and 19901 Mandoline, 4-yr. av., 
7000.25 lb. (1,307); then 6th c, 10,308 lb. (357). P9 also of the Pow- 
ell stock has records: 19461 Retreat, lO-yr.-old, 9,691% lb. (286), 
7,188 lb. (272); and her 21803 Red River, 4-vr. av., 6668.93 lb., fat 
3.77 (1,240). [29285] Lucile, 8,151 lb., fat 316.38. 



In Mr. E. Cooke's herd at Stalham was Ql, based probably on 
Pond stock. 3953 Countess, transferred to Whitlingham-lst c.-6,MbV4, 
lb. (440), then 4-vr. av., 8799.56 lb., fat 3.4 to 3.6 (1,260); next 6th 
c, 10,876% lb. (343), and 2-vr. av., 8,988 lb. (637). Her 6270 Coun- 
tess 2d-lst c.-10,442% lb. fat 4.3 to 4.7 (560); after 69 days-2d c- 
8,143% lb. (364); 27 days dry, and began a 5-yr. av., 8807.57 lb., fat 
3.6 to 3.8 (1,688). 6270's 8745 Miss Countess-lst c. -5,972 lb. (405), 
3d c. 7,259 lb. (347); 9230 Countess .3d-lst and 2d c.-6,450 lb. (287); 
and 12107 Celia-lst c.-5,146i2 lb. (229), then 2-yr. av., 6997.5 lb. 
(655), and 4th c. 10,017% lb. (350). Also records of 3953 Countess' 
progeny; 9199 Cherry 2d, 4-yr. av., 6,555 lb. (1,218); 11292 Glossy, 
7-yr. av., 7222.4 lb. (2,255); highest record-5th c. -8,587 lb. (343); and 
12127 Choice-lst c.-5,179% lb. (385), then 2-yr. av., 6299.S7 lb. (616). 

3863 Beatrice-4th c.-8,041i2 lb. (280); her 7668 Beatrix-5th c- 
8,265 lb., fat 4.3 (347), and her 10695 Beamish-lst c.-3,656 lb., fat 
4.01 (300); 2d c, 6,010 lb,, fat 4.3 (365). Fourth from 9199, 11292 
Glossie's 21069 Brilliantine, 3-yr. av., 7664.66 lb. (864); then 5th c, 
9,454 lb. (287); 6th c. in year 1915, 10397 lb. (320). Her 24703 
Longford Marjorine-lst c.-5,657 lb. (269), from February 15th, 1915. 

Breed Analyses: Countess, N. 669.13, S. 154.97, RP. 175.87. Glos- 
sie, N. 577.-53, S. 114.98, RP. 307.46. Brilliantine: N. 518.69, S. 125.66, 
RP. 355.60. 



Mr. C. Etheridge, of Starston, had 30 years experience of the 
Red Polled from 1822. He presumably was a buyer, when in that 
year, Mr. George sold some of the new breed, and used it on the High 
Suffolk Polled, for Mr. George, desirous of fresh blood in his herd 
at Eaton, got it from Mr. Etheridge. In 1853 one of his cows was 
added to the Stoke herd, and thus added the old stock — Rl — to the 
new Herd Book twenty years later. 

In Lord Rothschild's herd, 6164 Artful Anna, 4-yr. av., 6364.25 
lb.; her 10948 Artifice-6th C.-7249 lb. (305), and her get, 18422 Art- 
les.s-4-yr. av., 7719.75 lb. (1.355). From Artifice also 21093 Cheriton 
Artfuh 4-yr. av., 7542.25 lb. (1,037). 20672 Cheriton Art-lst c.-6,285 
lb. (3G5);'then 5,408 lb. (231), 21094 Cheriton Article-2d C.-8.281 lb. 
(350); 4th and 5th c, 14923 lb. (666). Fourth from the Stoke-bred 
3542 Sophie— Rl, and out of 6801 Sunlight, was 9853 Sunshine, 3-yr. 
av., 6873.75 lb. (903). From the same d. 15080 Heytesbury Moon- 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 39 

light-2d c.-5,900 lb. (278). The last named cow got 15079 Heytes- 
bury Moonbeam, 2-yr. av., 5836.5 lb. (577), and 15079 got 16801 
Hevtesbury New Moon-4th c. -7,254 lb. (289), and then 4-yr. av., 
6781.25 lb. (1,094). Her 20394 Heytesbury Moon-struck, 2-yr. av., 
7623.5 lb. (620). 

Breed Analyses: Artful Anna, N. 269.62, S. 528.88 RP. 201.48 
Artifice, N. 336.95, S. 404.08, RP. 258.94. Artless, N. 353.28, S. 399.40, 
RP. 247.29. 

In other Families of R Group, the bulls used during 20 years were 
particularly from Mr. James Read's herd at Laxfield, High Suffolk. 

3037 Nun R2 is the only English record, 3-yr. av., 6105.3 lb. 
(978). There is also one American [29199] Rune, 9231.4 lb., fat 
330.69 (379). 

R8 and Rll were in Mr. Thomas Easter's herd, founded in 1856 
at Raveningham, from both Norfolk and Sufl'olk stock. Cows from 
his son's (Mr. W. B. Easter) herd at Stockton in the VVaveney Valley, 
the wealthy border-land of High Suffolk, were transferred to Whit- 
lingham when its herd was being started. 2153 Dorcas — R8-3d c- 
8,286 lb. (328), 5th c. 9,814 1^ lb. (372), 6th c. 8,737 Vij lb. (322), fat 
3.5. Her 6306 Dorcas 2d-lst c.-5,218y2 lb. (376), 2d c. 6,05312 lb. 
(280). 6136's 10165 Diana-lst c.-5,451% lb. (300). 5657 Lively— R8, 
5-yr. av., from 3d c. 4,890% lb., fat 3.7 (1,302). Her 8000 Lively 
2d-4th c.-6.204% lb. (313); 12543 Lena-lst c.-5,388 lb. (370); and 
15280 Lively 3d, whose gr.-dr. 19214 Foliage, vet in profit, 3d c, 
9,544 lb. (nm), then 6-yr. av., 7,295.57 lb. (1,616). [34064] Easter 
Blossom, 7291.55 lb., fat 282.62 (264). 

5296 Brundish Pretty— R9. the only R9 record. 1st c, ll,570i4 
lb., fat 4.0 (700). After 35 days-2d c.-5,095V2 lb. (329). 

The Rll, which Mr. Garrett Taylor bought on 17th May, 1888, 
1513 Fillpail, had en the previous February given birth to her 6th 
calf. Her record from 18th May to 17tli Janu?:ry, 1889, was 7,722 
lb. (231). Then from 4th March, 11,077 lb. (375); maximum weekly 
yield, 372 lb.; yield in 13th week of record, 303^4 lb., in 26th week 
1821/2 lb.; 84 days rest, and then Sth-c.-12.961ii lb, (469), 9th c. 
8,746V2 lb. (318); then 3-yr. av., 7,273 lb., fat 3.4 (605). Year 1898 
record, 8,801 V4 lb.; her 12th and last calf was bom on 14th August, 
1897, and she milked to 4th September, 1899, 13,637% lb. (752 diys). 
Total yield at Whitlingham, 88,699% lb. (3,178). Fillpail's 1st c. 
born at V/hitlingham was 4891 Fawn, and Fawn's 13th c. was bom 
on Jan. 3Gth, 1903. Fav.-n's total yield to Decemb'^r 31st, 1904, was 
89,507 lb. (3,428 days). The successive vearlv yields were 7,598 lb. 
(420), 6,044 lb., fat 3.5 (247), 8,066% lb. (280)' 9,655V2 lb., fat 4.4 
(301), 7,572% lb., fat 3.4 (2G6), 8,6921^2 lb. (270), 9.875% lb., fat 
4.0 (326), 8,66314 lb. (302), 9.793% lb. (322), 8,375% lb. (329), 4,788 
lb. (202). 

Fillpail's 3745 Snowdrop-6th 0.-5.815% lb. (217); and 10258 Fill- 
pail 2d-3d 0.-9,0191/2 lb. (322). Fawn 12321 Folly-2d c.-7,174 lb. (340), 
6,802 lb. (189), 5,282 lb. (329). Fillpail's gr.-dr., 18030 Famous, 
4-yr. av., 8033.25 lb. (1,079), and from the same dam, 20677 Cheriton 
Fame-2d c.-6,760 lb. (345); 19766 Familiar, 3-yr. av., 6495.33 lb. (673); 
and 20335 Daisy-lst c. December 1st, 1907, vield to 31st December, 
1909, 10,791 lb. (546). 20677's 22044 Cheriton Fame 4th-2d c. 6,720 
lb. (245), 3d 0. 7,834 lb. (317). 

Breed Analyses: Fillpail, N. 276.5, S. 507.81. RP. 215.62. Cheri- 
ton Fame, N. 422.36, S. 302.31, RP. 27527. 

5409 Dolly, whose dam 1092 Pretty was also dam of 1513 Fill- 
pail recorded-lst c.-6,981i/2 lb. (294), and in four of her nine years 



40 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



an averao-e of 9084.6 lb. Her 11137 Damsel-lst c- 6,852 lb. (406); 
9272 Dollv 2d-2d c.-6,412 lb. (273). Damsel's 17988 Damsel 2d-lst 
€.-8,8491,2 lb. (500), and without a dry time-2d c.-5,239i/4 lb. (371). 



Two cows from an old Norfolk herd at Hapton were bought by 
Mr. Henry Eirlcbeck some 72 years ago to found a herd at Stoke 
Holy Cross, and pedigrees noted. Records of milk yields were kept 
when the stock was transferred to Whitlingham. 9207 Chocolate — 
SI, 2-yr. av., 4695.5 lb. (679). Her gr.-dr., 20393 Hester, 2-vr. av., 
6822.5 lb. (647). 

2449 Beauty— S2-8th and 9th c.-16,249 lb. (645). Her gr.-dr., 
16137 Ashlyns Rose 2d-Gd c.-8,736 lb. (364)., then 3-vr. av., 7120.66 
lb. (965). 16137's 18946 Sweet Briar, 7-yr. av., 7470.85 lb. (2,122); 
20512 Red Rose, 3-yr. av., 6.128 lb. (387); and 21716 Longford Dew- 
berry, 4-yr. av., 8609.5 lb. (1,325); highest record, in 1915, 5th c- 
9,687 lb. "(321). 5975 Slane Beauty, bred in Co. Meath, 4-yr. av., 
5704.25 lb. (1,212). 19827 Hcytesbury Primrose, of the same line 
as Ashlyns Rose, 5-yr. av., 5996.6 lb. (1,314); her 21201 He\-tesburv 
Pansy 1st, 5,554 lb. (241), then 4-yr. av., 6,650 lb. (1,353). 

Of Dowson — S3 blood, with a succession of Powell blocd at Stoke, 
2124 Damson, 3-vr. av., from 6th c, 6,858 lb. (878). 2870 neach-5th 
c.-10,693 lb. (428), then 7-vr. av., 7,273 lb. (2,193); highert record- 
9th c.-9,238% lb., fat 4.0 (364). Her 8597 Hilda-lst c.-S,753ii> lb., 
fat 3.4 (476). Third in descent from Heach 12384 Hemp-4th c- 
6,326 y4 lb. (308), then 3-yr. av., 6286.8 lb. (960). Her 17878 Acton 
Cherrv-lst €.-5,153^4 lb. (345), then 4-yr. av., 5395.5 lb. (1.151); and 
18974 Acton Cherry Blossom-lst c.-6,661 lb. (309), then 3-yr. av., 
6,170 lb. (930). [30634]' Margarita, 6999.7 lb., fat 235.07. 

Breed Analyses: Heach, N. 512.5, S. 88.63, RP. 398.71. Harp, 
N. 517.24, S. 109.40, RP. 373.32. Acton Cherry Blossom, N. 478.95, 
S. 113.04, RP. 407.96. 



The T Group included a number of Families which had been bred 
in the district adjacent to Walsingham. It may be presumed that 
they were for the most part descended from c- ws of the selection 
made by the two John Reeves and the Englands. The earliest record 
of Tl Family was 2474 Prudish, gr.-dr. of 440 Primrose: 3d c. 7,524 
lb. (368), 6,422 lb. (334), 7,662i2 lb. (265); then 4-yr. av., 4293.8 lb., 
fat 3.2 to 4.4 (1,082). From the same dam as Prudish 3064 Prim, 
5-yr. av., 4527.7 lb. (1,309); highest record-5th c.-5,855 lb. (245). 

2716 Coronet was more noteworthy — (she was also a gr.-dr. of 
Primrose)— 2d c. 9,103 lb. (346), 3d c. 12,253 lb. (387); and while 
she was yet yielding 175 lb. per week Mr. J. McLain Smith took her 
to America in the summer of 1890. Her 5367 Coronet 2d, which was 
then a yearling at Whitlingham, began her record with 5,653^/4 lb., 
fat 3.2 (301); "Jd c. 5,431Vo lb., fat 3.6 (287); 3d c. 7,359% lb. (359), 
4th c. 8,770^4 lb. (334); then 2-yr. av., 6,911i4 lb. (581), and in the next 
year she was exported, leaving her yearling 14723 Coronet 3d-lst 
c.-9,963% lb. (539); dry 52 days, then"2d c, 8,050V2 lb. (317); 3d c, 
8,0221/2 lb.; 4th c. dropped January 18th, 1905, and was sold April 
12th. Her record from that date, at Lord Rothschild's to 30th Sep- 
tember, 6,427 lb. (268), continuing succeeding 365 days, 4,685 lb.; 
then 5th c, 8,378 lb. (252); 6th c, 6,965 lb. (245); was taken to Thom- 
ville, Co. Wexford, where 2-yr. av., 6,628 lb. Her later records in 
1913 and 14, were 5,607 lb. (288), 4,861 lb. (252). None of her prog- 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 41 

eny at Tring Park were registered. At Thomville, of her twin daugh- 
trs, 24392 Thomville Red Coronet has begun her record in 1915 with 
3,554 lb. (161), and the old 17-yr. cow has produced her 13th calf. 
The first of the Coronets would seem to have a remembrance in the 
United States, a descendant having been registered as bred in 1911 
in Oklahoma. 

Breed Analvses: Primrose, N. 700, RP. 300. Coronet, N. 587.5, 
S. 35.93, RP. 376.56 Coronet 2d, N. 478.12, S. 76.55, RP. 445.31. 
Prudish, N. 640.62, S. 44.52, RP. 314.84. Coronet 3d, N. 514.88, S. 
72.46, RP. 412.64. 

5169 Tryste — T4, bred at Whitlingham in April, 1888, was one 
of the five Red Polled which took part in the 1901 Pan-American 
Exposition test, at the outset being 70 days in milk. Her 184 days' 
record was 5,422 lb., butter 235 lb. Her 1st c. record at Whitlingham 
was 6,260% lb. (390), 2d c. 6,039 lb. (329), when she was taken to 
America by Captain V. T. Hills. 

Born 5 years earlier from the same dam, 1896 Tipple, 3183 Tin- 
2d c.-5,393 lb. (325), 4th c. 10,344 lb. (487), 5th c. 8,512 lb. (357); 
8,4471/2 lb., fat 3.7 (357); 7,089% lb., fat 4.1 (315). Her 5170 Tulip- 
1st c.-4,162i/^ lb. (322), then 2-yr. av., 6,039 lb., fat 5.1 to 4.6 (649). 
Tulip's 6819 Top-lst c.-ll,582 lb. (589), 29 days dry, and 2d c, 5,094 
lb., fat 3.7 (217); then 4-yr. av., 7068.5 lb. (1,184). Of later records: 
14121 Red Lass-3d c.-6,070 lb. (208), 5th c. 6,107 lb. (321). 19400 
Red Rose-2d c.-6,028 lb. (259) 3d c. 6,1691/2 lb. (281). 21099 Cheriton 
Fancy-2d c.-12,964 lb. (565). 

1315 Bee-Bee— T6 has the earliest record-7th c. -9,935 lb. (383). 
Her 2021 Blacking, 8,507 lb. (371), and 5242 Bess-lst c.-8,350 lb. 
(516). Blacking's 9887 Victoria-3d c.-6,055 lb. (301), 7th c. 6,62314 
lb. (315). 

T7 records are comparativelv late: 8239 Sunshine-3d c.-6,026 
lb. (256); then 4-vr. av., 6716.37 lb. (1,139). Her 14220 Salome, after 
5,0981/^ lb. (294), 3-vr. av., 7847.9 lb. (848); last record, 9,986i/2 lb. 
(350). 22587 Gressenhall Saint 2d, 8,697 1^ lb., and 22588 Gressen- 
hall Saintly, 2-yr. av., 8026.75 lb., both 4th in descent from Salome. 

T17 and T18 Families are descended from Messrs. Howell's herd 
at Great Walsingham, which dated from the later years of the Reeve 
breeding at Wighton and Walsingham. 8012 Maiden Belle-3d c- 
6,8491/2 lb., fat 3.6 (294). Her 15331 Maiden, 2-vr. av., 5753.87 lb. 
(582) 8772 Missie— T18-2d c.-5,217 lb. (330); then 4-yr av., 6663.87 
lb. (1,242). A gr.-dr. of Missie's dam, 17177 Mischievous-lst c- 
7,069 lb. (288); 4-vr. av. from 3d c, 8056.62 lb. (1,242); highest 
record, 9,453 lb. (36*1). Her 20444 Majirascal-3d c.-8,603V2 lb. (364), 
5th and 6th c. 8,369i/2 lb. (344) and 10,990% lb. (353); 7th c. 9,078i/2 
(337), 8th c, 10437 lb. (305). Mischievous 2d's 18727 Mary, S-yr. 
av., 7522.8 lb. 



The U Group was allotted to the Red Polled in West Suffolk. 
Though comprising few Foundation Cows when the Herd Book was 
issued in 1874, there were many more added on the Register in the 
second part, of Vol L Mr. R. E. Loftt supposed they were a color 
variation of the old Sufi"olk cow, which used to be spoken of as the 
Suffolk dun — "a light yellow or pale ginger color." The modern origin 
of the "Red Polled" I have already set forth from published and per- 
sonal facts of the early 19th century. We have the facts set down — 
in Friar Jocelyn's late 12th Century story of the life and doings of 
Abbot Samson, the head of the great St. Edmund's Monastery at 



42 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



Bury, West Suffolk, a story which Thomas Carlyle made so enter- 
taining in his "Past and Present," and now to be read in more than 
one recent version — that the Monastery held many manors in West 
Suffolk. Jocelyn's hero came as a youth from the Norfolk area that 
borders Northwest High Suffolk, with East Anglian ideals, and an 
invincible love for English speech, though it was decidedly vulgar, 
and English love of freedom in the country. It may be presumed 
that he favored the Suffolk dun cow rather than the White Polled, 
which were possibly to be found on Abbey and Priory fanns in the 
"shires" and in some northern areas, and we are told that during his 
thii«ty years as Abbot he interested himself in the lands which he 
controlled, and which were of good quality. A few old-style Suffolk 
Duns were to be seen some thirty years ago. And we know that the 
Suffolk Polled of the 18th Century were of a larger type than most 
of those in Norfolk. So we may take it as probable that the West 
Suft'olk polled were derived from the old time Suffolk Dun cow. 

Records of U2 are all from descendants of 2766 Dot, which was 
bought bv a Norfolk man at a Troston sale. Dot's 8430 Daffodil made 
its record at Saham-lst c, in 1894, 7,296 lb. (335). With 3d c. to 
9th c. in 1902, the record ranged from 7,760 lb, (283) to 10,170 lb. 
(273); 7-yr. av., 8664.9 lb. (2,187). Ker 9240 Daphne-lst c.-8,231 
lb. (329)," 3d c, 9.167 lb. (263), 4th c. 8,956 lb. (307); 11117 Daffy- 
down-dilly, a 5-vr. av.. 8591.8 lb., fat 4.1 (1,613), and then 8th c, 
10,553^0 lb. (323). 11116 Daffodil 2d, a full sister of 11117, had a 2-yr. 
av., 7242.75 lb. (611). Her 18732 Meadow Dell, 4-yr. av., 8184.5 lb.; 
then 5th c. 10,707 lb. The last of Daffodil's progeny recording: 16925 
Kitchener's Daffodil-lst c.-8,543i2 lb. (333), .3d c. 10,215 lb., fat 5.0 
(331), and then to the 31st September, 1915, a 10-yr. av., 9032.25 lb. 
Daphne's 15329 Magic-lst c.-8,799 lb. (418), then 2-yr. av., 8,162 lb., 
fat 4.1 (619); her 19893 Magic's Crown, 4-jt. av.. 6809.37 lb. (1,279), 
then 2-yr. av., 9,112 lb. (662). Kitchener's Daffodil heifers have been 
in 'such* demand th.nt the onlv recoi'd to be quoted is 22668 Meadow 
Daffodil-lst c- 5,477i/2 lb. (210), 2d c. 7,844 lb. (340) 3d c. 6,520 lb. 
(327). 

Breed Analvses: Dot, N. 187.5, S. 785.93, RP. 26.56. Daft'odil, N. 
341.0. S. 459.42, RP. 199.57. Daffv-down-dilly, N. 491.98, S. 280.19, 
RP. 227.81. 

The 29 U3 records have been made in diverse areas. The earliest, 
5th in descent from 248 Handsome, 6412 Handsome 28th-7th c. -8,093 
lb. (280). 10332 Handsome 35th (at Tring)-lst c.-10,025 lb. (388), 
then 5-vr. av., 7853.5 Ih. (1.459); highest record, 9,847 lb. (322). 
11316 Handsome 36th-3d C.-8.801 lb. (327), 6th c. 10,366 lb. (264), 
7th c, 11,976 lb. (236). Hand.some 35th's 19797 Hasty-lst c.-7,089 
(561). 

At Aspall, 5855 Posthom, 14-yr. av., 6,776 lb.; highest record, 
8,988 lb. (344) Her 12952 Sapphire-lst c.-5,592 lb.; then from 4th 
c, 8-yr. av., 9057.37 lb.; highest record, 10,582 lb. Posthorn's gr.-dr., 
12035 Blackbird-2d c.-8,098% lb. (347), 5th c, 7,224 lb. Third in de- 
scent froin Posthorn, 21535 Aspall Pomona-lst c.-6,208 lb., 3d to 5th 
c. av., 7382.33 lb., highest record, 7,988 lb. (313). Aspall Pomona's 
22909 Aspall Applewoman-2d c.-6,895 lb. (318). Sapphire's 22433 
Aspall Pansy, 3-yr. av., 7337.66 lb. 

At Cheriton. Kent, fifth in descent from the Troston-bred 4575 
Handsome 25th. 20678 Cheriton Lark-lst c.-5,121 lb. (203), then 4- 
yr. av., 6233.25 lb. (968). At Letton, Norfolk, 20870 Red Honey, 4-yr. 
av., 7789.34; highest record, 9,190% lb. 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 43 

Two Troston-bred U5 were transferred to Mr. E. Cooke, Stal- 
ham, and thence to Whitlingham. 4149 Kate-lst c- 7,630 lb. (365), 
followed by 14,451% lb. (624) and 10,407 lb., fat 4.4 (385); then 6-vr. 
av., 8,004 lb., fat 3.9 to 4.1 (1,865). Her 15190 Kate 2d-2d c.-12,545y2 
lb. (413). 4375 Stalham-lst c.-8,13iy2 lb. (383), 4th c. 15,641 lb. (661). 
8th c. 10,217% lb., fat 3.5 (320); 5 other years' av., 7822.6 lb., fat 
4.0 to 4.6 (1,818). Her gr.-dr., 8993 Spotless-2d c.-7,601i/^ lb. (406), 
3d c. 7,6091/2 lb. (364). 9011 Susie— U5, at the 1901 Pan-American 
Exposition, gave of the Red Polled the largest yield of milk — 6,430 
lb. in 184 days, but was second in the butter test of the Red Polled 
lot with 287 lb. She was at the beginning of the test 54 days in milk, 
as was Mayflower 2d — A12. 

[20499] Ruth. 8699.8 lb., fat 367.50. [22637] Alice B., 8238.3 lb., 
fat 341.92; 9389.5 lb., fat 363.81; 8314.9 lb., fat 328.51. [25356] Iowa 
Belle. 8650.65 lb., fat 337.19. [26705] Delia, 6511.9 lb., fat 269.7 
[30124] Leda, 8,413 lb., fat 375.34. 

1823 Pink Domino— U6, 5-yr. av., 6777.2 lb. 19618 Banking— 
U6-lst c.-7,641 lb. (322), 2d c. 7,650 lb. (293), 5th c. 7,257 lb. (273), 
and 4-yr. av. 5737.2 lb. (856). 

U9 Family was introduced into the Rendlesham herd bv 10842 
Trimley Pretty 5th-2d c.-9,377 lb. (600), 5th c. 8,219 lb. (309), and 
ll-yr. av., 6815.4 lb. (3,710). Her 18858 Rendlesham Pretty, 4-vr-. 
av., 5,794 lb. (1,352), then 6th c. 8,755 lb. (261); 20534 Rendlesham 
Pretty 5th-lst c.-6,238V2 lb. (330); then 3-yr. av., 6,755 lb. (1,053); 
and 20896 Rendlesham Pvrrhic-lst c.-5.21iy2 lb. (313); then 3-yr. 
av., 6242.8 lb. (1.017). 18965 Waxlight 2d-on another line of breeding 
4-yr. av., 7203.6 lb. (1,137). 

13231 Bo-Peep— U18 had an early record-^'-d c.-7,431 lb. (365); 
then 4-yr. av., 8066.37 lb. (1,047). 13245 Beryl, 3-yr. av., 6696.66 lb. 
(988). 

U43, a late Troston selection, 15746 Ring-2d c. -7,020 V2 lb. (287). 
17985 Daisy, a gr.-dr. of Ring's dam, when 5-yr. old, 8,912 lb.; then 
6,458% lb. and 9,375% lb. 18322 Stella-4th C.-7.387 lb. (280), 5th c. 
7,402 lb. (292) and 8,169 lb. (322). Her 20684 Cheriton Stella-2d c- 
9,770 lb. (329), then 3-yr. av., 6558.66 lb. (631); and 21107 Cheriton 
Steam-2d c.-6,388 lb. (238), then 2-yr. av. 6,881 lb. (497). 

Of the East Suffolk contingent's records there are 44 of VI 
Family, which was in Mr. G. Gooderham's herd at Monewden, well 
established before 1860. The earliest record is 6010 Sunny Risky- 
6th c.-9,591 lb. (388), 7th c. 6,162 lb. (361). From the same dam 
3824 Wild Risky, 7537 Sound Riskv, 2-yr. av., 6791.5 lb. 3824's gr.-dr., 
19548 Sunny Cheriton-lst c.-6,914 lb. (304), then 4-yr. av.. 7208.75 
lb. (1,143). 19548's 20685 Cheriton Sun-2d c.-9,059 lbs. (406). and 
21108 Cheriton Sunbeam-lst c.-10,663 lb. (460), then 3-yr. av., 6743.66 
lb. (859). 20685's 22513 Cheriton Sunflower-2d c.-7,200 "lb. (353). 

3217 Wild Ruth's 7568 Sweet Ruth, 3-yr. av., 6,813 lb. (847), then 
10,665 lb. (333). Her 10516 Miss Ruth-lst c- 10,414 lb. (469). On 
another line of breeding, 19209 Flaxmoor Ruby, as a 5-yr. old, began 
a record at Saham with 8,062 lb. (203), and in yeai's immediately 
following 11,849 lb. (339), 11885 lb. (344), 13,268V2 lb. (337) 14,533 
lb. (336), 11,757 lb. (331), and in 1914-15 12,402 lb. (340). Her 23118 
Meadow Rubicon-lst c.-7,144 lb. (365), 8,029 (331). Breed Analysis: 
Flaxmoor Ruby, N. 540.00, S. 213.81 RP. 246.15. 

Also, with a large infusion of Norfolk blood: 20349 Fustian 2d, 
9-yr.-old record, 8,336 lb. (286); her 22875 Velveteen-2d c.-7,973% lb. 
(328), and 23824 Wincey-lst c.-8,137 lb. (333 days of 1915). 

7867 Flora 4th— V2-4th c.-7,740 lb. (337), 5th c. 9,813 lb. (329), 



44 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

7th c. 8,335 lb. (233) 8th c. 8.473 lb. (364). An American record, 13006 
Sue 2(1— V2, 6712.4 lb., fat 258.78. 

8248 Tamer— V5-2cl c.-6,070 lb. (323), then 3-yr. av., 7663.5 lb. 
Her 20901 Rendlesham Tamer, 3-yr. av., 7204.8 lb. (929). 

Three Glemham Families recorded at Whitlingham: 2213 Gleaner 
V9, the earliest record of milk in this family; 10th c. 14,184 lb. (365), 
but as she had calved down on Nov. 3d of the previous year, the rec- 
ord was possibly over 16,000 lb. for 424 days; after that 11th c: the 
best milk record yet made in East Anfflia. 3469 Gleaner — V9-lst c- 
8,6301/2 lb. (290),* 2d c. 9,521 V4 lb. (314), 4th c. 9,078 lb. (328), with 
3 other year av., 8,153 lb. (976), the remaining 4 years varying be- 
tween 6,657 lb. and 6,376% lb. Her 9379 The Gleaner-lst c"-6,918V2 
lb., fat 3.9 (420); 11277 Gcneva-lst c.-6,577i^ lb. (305), 2d c. 7,988% 
lb. (366); and its 16698 Geneva 2d-2d c.-6,801i4 lb. (351). Third in 
descent from 3469, 18642 Gleaner 4th-2d c.-6,235% lb., 7,953 ¥2 lb., 
6,295% lb.; 5th c. 8,613 lb. Other Gleaners: 8751 Miss Gloss-2d c- 
5,132 lb., fat 3.6 (339); 5,592 lb. (246). 12667 Miss Glaze, 5-vr. av., 
6,313 lb. (1,669). 

Four American V9 records are from daughters of the same cow 
[18469] Lady Jane, which traced back through 2847 Glow-worm to 
Harpley, where Llr. J. M. Spinks set up a herd direct from Glemham 
and supplied Whitlingham. [26136] J. D. L. Jane, 5,587 lb., fat 213.42; 
4,444 lb., 8318.4 lb., fat 314.05. [26748] Lady Jeanie, 7521.5 lb., fat 
305.19 (328); 5550.6 lb., fat 213.06 (309); 8456.2 lb., fat 326.15; 
9858.7 lb., fat 392.24; 12353.4 lb., fat 420.19. [27543] J.D. L. Jane 2d, 
6788.0 lb., fat 249.6; 5,516 lb., fat 231.7; 5,742.2 lb.; fat 234.47; 9,874 
lb., tat 413.16. [30174] J. D. L. Jeanette, 5606.4 lb., fat 208.21 (306); 
6761.3 lb., fat 257.48. [30847] Honingham Claret, 7025.38 lb., fat 
299.69. 

Of Vll Family, 3674 Proof, 4-vr. av., 7,295 lb., fat 3.0 (1,253). 
Her 4673 Peggy-lst c.-7,430i4 lb. (382), and its 5821 Palm-3d c- 
5,323 lb. (386), 4th c. 7,374 V2 lb., fat 4.0 (301). Of 2461 Press, the 
dam of Proof, 5046 Pallas, 3-vr. av. from 5th c, 7,382 lb., fat 4.1 
(974). A gr.-dr. of 2461, 8124 Prioress 2d, 6-vr. av., 6,563 lb., fat 
3.7 (1,718); highest record, 7,598% lb. (305). Her 15607 Plessy-lst 
c, 20th September, 1902, with 14 days intei-val and 2d c, milked to 
19th December, 1903, giving 10,129% lb. in her last 354 days. Yet 
another line from Gloss 2d, the Harpley oi'iginal: 18224 Playmate- 
1st c.-6,809 lb. (412), then 3-yr. av., 6779.66 lb. (859); and from" 18212 
Patience, Playmate's d., 19963 Passion-lst c.-8,054 lb. (365), 7,753 
lb. (284), 6,930 lb. 291). From Playmate 19968 Playful-2d c.-6,385 
lb. (347). And from Prioress 2d 1937i Pin-lst c.-6,903% lb., then 3-vr. 
av., 6,905 lb. (950). 

American records trace to Harpley through another line of breed- 
ing to 2844 Gloss 7th— Vll. [18085] Cora, 10763.75 lb., fat 430.5; 
[19840] June, 8923.8 lb., fat 382.32; and [28209] Julia, 6,679 lb., fat 
264.73. On the line from 1070 Penguin— Vll [23187] Peaceful 7818.5 
lb., fat 326.78 (267); and [30100] Lily, 7547.7 lb., fat 260.68. 

Of V13 Family, 3462 Gardenia, 2-vr. av., 8236 lb. (731). 7493 
Rubv-3d c.-6,285 lb. (302), then 3-vr. av., 6200.33 lb. (866); its 9742 
Reenah-lst c.-6,522 lb. (350), 2d c. 6,243 lb. (329), and 3d in descent 
from Ruby, 16704 Gipsy of Johnstown-lst c.-6,201 lb. (315). 

American V13 records: [18086] Cora, 10763.5 lb., fat 430.5. 
[22818] Red Bud, 8472.9 lb., fat 355.84; 8755.7 lb., fat 387.26. [27766] 
Lady, 10,049 lb., fat 328.20. [34037] Violet, 7574.8 lb., fat 328.20; 
8714.2 lb., fat 373.70. 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 45 

The Glemham V14 Family records open with 3819 Wilbv Lass, 
5th to 7th c, 3-vr. av., 6781.5 lb. (868); and 4438 Wilbv, both "gr.-drs. 
of 921 Glemham Rose. Wilby's 1st c, 8,544% lb. (380). 10894 Wilbv 
Sd-lst and 2d 0.-8,3601/2 lb., fat 4.1 (419). On another line of breeding: 
12773 Pearl, 2-vr. av., 8,309 lb. (528). 19287 Ladv Mollv, 5 calves. 
4-yr. av., 6,165 lb. (1,033). 20826 Lady M.-2d c.-7,654V2 lb. (348). 

In 1900 Lord Radnor added to his recently established herd at 
Longford Castle all the V17 Red Polled which were in Mr. W. E. Long's 
herd at Hurts Hall, Saxmundham, tracing back to 4952 Honey Bee, 
gr.-dr. of 950 Honev. The earliest records — all in 1903, 8601 Honey- 
maid 7th C.-7758 lb. "(289), 10815 Sweet as Honey-7th c.-8,921 lb. (339), 
and 13120 Young Honev Bee-5th c.-10,779 lb. (356), then 8,238 lb. 
(332), 10,258 lb. (329), 7,503 lb. (318). 16729 Golden Thistle-lst c. 
in 1904-7,263 lb. (294), then 7-vi-. av., 8496.33 lb. (2,624); top record- 
ed c.-9,559 lb. (301). 16732 Goldy Locks, also in 1904, yet in the herd, 
and is the most noteworthv-lst c.-7,517 lb. (322) 2d c. 9,982 lb. (328), 
then 7-yr. av., 9156.42 lb. (2,161); 10th c.-in 1913-11,076 lb. (364), 11th 
c. 9,844 lb. (326), 12th c. 7,280 lb. (276). Six of her progeny have 
records: 19434 Red Duchess-lst c. 6,967 lb. (327);. 20366 Graceful, 6- 
yr. av., 7,194 lb. (1,853); 20777 Locket-2d C.-8.001 lb. (328), 3d c. 
7,033 lb. (364), 5th c. 8,708 lb. (313), 6th c. 8,352 lb. (338); 21723 
Longford Odalisque, 5-yr. av., 7508.8 lb. (1,505); 22658 Longford 
Attraction, 2-yr. av., 7744.5 lb. (648), 3d c, in 1915, 8,828 lb. (346); 
22171 Longford Demet-3d c.-9,335 lb. (331), 4th c. 9,914 lb. (315), 
5th c, in 1915, 10,394 lb. (332). 

10815's 16814 Honevsuckle-2d c.-6,860 lb. (343); 18960 Unity, 
11-yr. av., 6425.27 lb. (3,260); 18960's 22661 Longford Magic, 15,870 
lb. (679), and 23084 Longford Jollitv-2d c. August 11th, 1915-9,351 
lb. (329). Locket's 22172 Longford Diamond, 2-vr. av., 7722.5 lb. 
(623), then in 1915 9,244 lb. (327). 

Breed Analyses: 4952 Honey Bee, N. 158.59, S. 750. RP. 91.40. 
13562 Golden Bee, N. 290.28, S. 552.57, RP. 157.15. 16732 Goldv Locks, 
N. 297,04, S. 528.35, RP. 174.58. 

V23, a selection from. High Suffolk, gr.-drs. of 4105 Easketon 
Ladv: 8643 Ladv Bow-lst c.-8,093 lb. (352). then 7-vr. av., 7051.28 
lb. (2,146). 11411 Ladybird 3d-5th c.-9,639 lb. (316), 6th c. 9,.579i.2 
(343), then 3-vr. av., 7.851 lb. (893). Third in descent, 11425 Lady- 
like 2d-2d c.-8,596 lb. (345); dry 18 days, then 6,878 lb. (282); 7,904 
lb. (334), 9,784 lb. (339), and 8,460 lb. (364). 



The elder Mr. Samuel Wolton, farming the Butley Abbey lands, 
some four )iiiles from the East Suffolk coast — a Vv^ealthy area, that for 
400 years appertained to an Augustinian Priory — began with a Short- 
horn herd. In 1848 he bought his first Red Polled, whose progeny com- 
peted at the 1862 (Battersea) R. A. S. E. Two other selections, W2 and 
W3 were added, and gave the herd a good repute. A few others were 
bought of which no register was kejjt. Of these last there are rec- 
ords of five families only. 

Of records of Wl, the earliest is 7665 Battersea Princess 4th- 
4th c.-8,210 lb. (332), 5th c. 8,206 lb. (252), then 6-yr. av., 7781.33 lb. 
(1,632). Her 9976 Battersea 5th-lst c.-6,478 lb. (363), 7,293 lb. (289); 
10955 Batersea Princess .5th, 8-yr. av., 7155.5 lb. (2,512); 16153 Bat- 
tersea Princess 6th-lst c.-5,946 lb. (484). 9976's [23618] Battersea 
8th, 8208.2 lb., fat 412.48. 

The 40 records of W2 include many made at Whitlingham, and 
some in America, tracing back to that Norfolk area. The earliest, 



46 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

1317 8th Belle of Suffolk, bred by Samuel Wolton, of Butley, who suc- 
ceeded his father in 1873. When 12-yr.-old her record 9,573 Vq lb. 
(357), then 4-vr. av., 6,306 lb., fat 3.l" to 4.00 (1,267). 5207 Bangle 
Belle, dr: of 1316 7th Belle of Suffolk-lst c.-5,965i4 lb. (378), 4th to 
7th c, av. 6031.76 lb., fat 4.1 to 4.6V2 (1,190). Gr.-dr. of 5207, 5511 
Hair Belle 2d-lst c.-5,965i4 lb. (378), 2d c. 9,879 lb. (512), then 4-yr. 
av., 7999.6 lb., fat 3.2 to 3.4 (1,379). Her 13591 Hannah, 4-yr. av., 
8,703 lb. (1,329). Bangle Belle's 4th c, 10507 Miss Belle-lst c- 
5,037 lb. (300), then 3-vr. av., 6,935 lb. (920); 5th c. 11003 Bona, 
8-yr., av., 6210.7 lb. (2,563). 

Dam 3254 13th Belle of Suffolk's 6185 14th Belle of Suffolk made 
all her records at Whitlingham. 2d c. 10,224% lb. (660), 3d c. 
8,7241.^ lb., fat 3.8 (330), 5th c. 9,186% lb. (343); then 3-yr. av., 
6,563 lb. (1,017). Her 8357 Blanche-2d c-6,148% lb., fat 3.5 (343); 
10803 Suffolk, 3-yr. av., 5358 lb. (774); and 12078 Brisk, which-lst c- 
milked 713 davs; total vield, 12,765% lb.; then dry 63 days and 2d 
c, 7,22514 lb." (294); on grass feed alone, 5,079i/2' lb. (182); 3d c. 
8,458 lb. (350), drv 19 days. Suffolk's 17666 Silex-lst c.-10,201V2 
lb. (416). 

Third in descent from 59 Bridesmaid— W2, 4292 Pretty Bride- 
4th c.-8,585% lb., fat 3.4 (308) Her 7720 Bridecake-lst c.-6,841i/4 
lb., fat 3.5 (350); 2d c. 7,720 lb. (294). 

Breed Analyses: 7th Belle of Suffolk, N. 187.5, S. 612.5 RP. 200. 
Bangle Belle, N. 266.01, S. 446.87, RP. 287.10. Miss Belle, N. 379.88, 
S. 280.15, RP. 359.95. Bona, N. 424.50, S. 246.28, RP. 329.19. 

The W2 American records are a most notewoi-thy lot. They 
carry us back by many generations to 41 Belle of Suffolk — W2, through 
611 Topsy, which was transferred from the Wolton to the Stoke herd. 
Her gr.-dr., 1251 Water Fairy was next in Mr. J. J. Colman's Easton 
herd. 1943 Winsome, daughter of Water Fairy by Grey Spot 498, 
\\hen 2-yi'.-old was bought at Whitlingham foi' the Mead and Kim- 
ball importation of 1882. Romeo 741, which v;as bought at the same 
time, covered Winsome, and thus 5740 Minnie was got. Then the 
next two generations were sired by Commodore 1151, a son of Charles 
Martel, whose dam, 1133 Rosa- — P3, was also the dam of Romeo. From 
this point the stock on both sides of Bessie's pedigree were American 
bred, with [17976] Bessie sixth in descent from Winsome. Bessie's 
rccoi'd was 5706.2 lb., fat 267.1 (303). Her proeenv's records: 
[26174] J. D. L. Bessie, 8385.9 lb., fat 375.46; [31725] ^J. D. L. Beauty 
(the highest return vet published)-lst c.-10,019.8 lb., fat 442.95, 3d 
e. 20.280.6 lb., fat 891.58; J. D. L. Buto-lst C.-8G29.1 lb., fat 437.89. 
[26174's] [30173] J. D. L. Beatrice, 7783.8 lb., fat 321.52 [34865] 
J. D. L. Brunette-lst C.-8613.4 lb., fat 404.67. 

Breed Analvses: Winsome, N. 305.46, S. 184.17, RP. 510.35. Bes- 
sie, N. 466.68, S. 268.11, RP. 265.16. J. D. L. Beauty, N. 478.24, S. 
180.82, RP. 339.32. 

Of 107 W3 records, those ai'e selected that best illustrate the 
several lines in which the mating has been diverse. Whitlingham 
added the best of the Wolton breeding in 1891. 

Of the 375 Nelly type: 2018 Betsy-6th c.-8,943i4 lb. (336), then 
S-vr. av., 8282.33 lb., fat 3.1 to 4.3 (1,051); last calf, 7,458 lb. (247). 
3501 Helena, 6-vr.-old, 8,697% lb. (315); then 6-vr. av., 7,673.7 lb., 
fat 3.6 (1,443). 15248 Lena 3d-lst c.-6,418 lb. (315); then 2-vr. av., 
5327.5 lb. (544). 13916 Miss Betsy-3d c.-7,870 lb. (329), 6th to 8th 
c, 3-yr. av., 9080.7 lb. (1015). 13315 Clarissa, which began her record 
at Whitlingham and carried it on in Lord Rothchikl's herd, came 
into the 375 Nelly series through her dam, 6240 Chrissy, transferred 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



from Mr. B. Stimpson's herd. Clarissa's-lst c.-8,382% lb. (357), 2d c. 
6,7791/2 lb. (315), 9,547% lb. (359), 7,161i.^ lb., .5th c, February 9th 
to March 23d, 1905, not recorded; 8,024 lb. to September 30th; 6th 
c. May 9th, 1906. 11.118 lb. (332); 7th and 8th c. (twin), 12,005 lb. 

Breed Analyses: Chnssy, N. 531.44, S. 177.42, RP. 291.11. Clar- 
(303); 9th c. 12,577 lb. (328). 
issa, N. 541.54, S. 122.88, RP. 335.52. 

18179 Mona, which came into the Nelly series through Mr. Horace 
Wolton's 3610 Newbourn Nelly, had, up to December 31st, 1915, made 
in the Longford Castle herd the heaviest continuous record of any 
Red Polled in the United Kingdom. Her record opened with 1,306 
lb. (35), then, from November 1st, 1905, it proceeds year by year 
—10,487 lb. (351), 8,083 lb. (318), 11,214 lb. (331), 10,198 lb." (299). 
13.637 lb. (307), 14,713 lb. (364); 6th c. on August 17th, 1910— and 
milked to March 5th, 1912— from August 27th, 6,095 lb. (192), 12,958 
(361), 10,702 lb. (303), 11,883 lb. (314); total of 10 yrs. 5 wks., 
111,276 lb. in 3,175 days. Competing at the London Dairy Show in 
October, 1910, when she had been in milk after 6th c. 49 days, gave 
64.6 lb. as the two mornings' yield, 54.6 lb. the evenings'; fat per- 
centage, 4.88 and 5.14; solids, 13.84 and 15.9; total points, 120.0. 

The dam of Mona, 17171 Minnie, record began in Lord Radnor's 
herd with 3d c, 10,548 lb. (338), and then 7.277 lb. (357), 8,5791,4 
lb. (318), 8,899 lb. (322), 8,512 lb. (331). Her 18271 Jane-lst c- 
9,2711/2 lb. (348), 2d c. 5,869 lb. (300), then 5-yr. av., 7378.4 lb. 
(1,442). Her 21722 Longford Minerva, 3-yr. av., 8,316 lb. (944). 
(Mona's 1st c, 24216 Longford Nomad began her record on July 27th, 
1915. 

Breed Analvses: Minnie, N. 463.76, S. 301.83, RP. 244.38. Mcna, 
N. 444.36, S. 282.45, RP. 273.14. 

Of the 565 Starry type: 3579 Star, 14-vr.-old, 10,416 lb., fat 3.5 
(343); 6,725 lb. (336), 9,391i4 lb. (308). 3762 Starry 3d-5th c- 
7,487 lb. (274), 7th c. 7.447 lb. (335), 8th c. 6,570 lb. (350). Her 
5143 Starry 4th-3d c.-7,688 lb. (343) then 4-vr. av., 7733.25 lb. (1,307). 
2591 Venus 2d, lO-yr.-old, 10,216% lb., fat 3.0 (364); then 8,548 lb., 
fat 4.3 (357); and 4-vr. av., 6,729 lb. (1258). 9842 Starry 8th-lst c- 
6,243 lb. (330), 3d c. 9,764 lb. (336). Venus 2d's 9055 Venusa-3d c- 
11,171 lb. (647). Starry 4th's gr.-dr., 18318 Starry Child, 2-vr. av., 
5,734 lb., fat 4.0 (606). 

383 Newbourn Pride, a daughter of 375 Nelly, was, in 1873, trans- 
ferred from Butley Abbey to Troston, and there had a long array of 
descendants. The earliest record is that of 5733 Mingle, gr.-dr. of 
1708 Newbourn Pride 7th, 7-vr. av., 6997.6 lb., highest record, 8,430% 
lb. (347). Mingle's 8739 Minx, 14-yr. av., 7.804 lb. (4,624); highe.st 
records, 10th c. 10,541 lb. (343), 11th c. 9,062i^ lb. (359). Her 13784 
Little Minx, 6th to 10th c, 5-vr. av., 7072.5 lb. (1,609). Little Minx's 
20532 Rendlesham Minx 2d-ist c.-5,051V2 lb. (295), then 3-vr. av., 
5,039 lb. (977); and 18628 Eraser's Folly-2d c.-8,102i/2 lb. (358); then 
5-vr. av., 8064.6 lb. (1,447). Eourth in descent from Newbourn Pride 
7th, 15422 Mindful 2d-lst c.-7,703 lb. (450). 

Mingle's 10494 Minnesota-lst c.-9,861i2 lb. (656). Fourth in 
descent from 1051 Newbourn Pride 4th, 8371 Brandeston Maid 4th to 
6th c, 3-yr. av., 8010.5 lb. Her 11009 Brandeston Maiden, 2-vr. av., 
7,301 lb. (695), and 16379 Comely Maid-lst c.-5,371 lb. (250), then 
2-yr. av., 7,048 lb. (662). Third in descent from 3024 Newbourn 
Pride 12th, 17981 Daffodil, 6th to 8th c, 3-yr. av., 7434.66 lb. (856). 
Her 20676 Cheriton Daffodil-lst c.-9,098 lb. (415), 5th c, in 1914, 
8,170 lb. (312). 



48 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

Of W9, the only worthy record is that of 6480 Lady's Slave-lst 
c.-7,024 lb. (266), then 5-yr. av., 8,253 lb. (1,520); highest record- 
5th c.-10,4a0 lb. (306). 

WIO records were opened at Tring. 6224 Butter-board-2d c- 
12,293 lb. (320). From the same dam, 4482 Buttercup; 7724 Butter- 
print-lst c.-6,399 lb. (224); then 3-vr. av., 7692.66 lb. (975). Butter- 
board's 7725 Butterscotch-lst c. -11,131 lb. (682), then 5,837 lb. (280). 
Her 12389 Hastoe Butterscotch, 15,961 lb. (764). Second in descent 
from Butter-board, 12271 Grace Darling, 7,5021/^ lb. (388); then 
8,59434 lb. (294). 14504 Butterboard 2d, 3-vr. av., 6703.66 lb. (989). 
Butterprint's 11041 Buttermaid-lst C.-6.846 fb. (378). 

2037 Bracelet— W14, in the Easton Park herd-3d c.-9,283 lb. 
(323). 2208 The Gem-4th c.-9,363i4 lb. (277). 4719 Snowball— W15, 
7-yr. av., 6,489 lb. Her 10711 Snowdrift, 9-vr. av., 6984.26 lb. (2,734); 
highest record, 9,381 lb. (298). Snowdrift's 14263 Snowdrop-lst c- 
4,978 lb. (245), then 4-vr. av., 8445.37 lb. (1,289); and 17678 Snow- 
flake 1st, 6,9771/2 lb. (315) then 8,716 lb. (290), 8,348i^ lb. (333). Snow- 
drop's 20031 Ptendlesham Snowdrop, 4-vr. av., 5,929 lb. (321) 5th c, 
6,74910 lb. (330); and 21323 Red Gal-3d C.-5.965 lb. (260), 7,164 
lb. (335). 



The name Pond was only a memory some years after the Red 
Polled had their register. But in the spring of the year 1882 Mr. 
Wm. Bradfield, of Elmham, told ir.e he had acquired two Pond cows. 
He accompanied me to the farm at Castle Rising, Avhere there were 
a few others. A Mr. J. Rivett had taken o\-er U'ova an old Mr. Wilfen, 
of Tittleshall, Ben Pond's highly valued cows, and we found on the 
steading a 6-yr. old cow, 2450 Polly, and thi'eo 2-yr.-old heifers. The 
owner had intended to fatten them, but Mr. Fulcher lost no time in 
recovery of the lot, and after much diplomacy also secured from Riv- 
ett the bull Falstait 303, which some six or seven years before had 
been bred by the Rector of Elmham. Falstaff. after doing good ser- 
vice in Norfolk, was shippeed to Mr. G. K. Taber at Pawling, New 
York. 

Whitlingham made all the earlv milk records of the Pond 1 Norf. 
Group. 2457 Poppy, 8-yr. old., 6,6^6^^ lb. (270); then 7,149% lb. 
(251), and after 2 years, her last record, 8.4881,2 lb. (259). Poppy's 
daughter's records vaiied between 3,000 lb. and 7,500 lb. in the year's 
yield. 5852 Pop 2d-4th c.-9,402% lb., fat 5.2 (343). Pop 2d's 7412 
Polly-3d c.-8,224 lb. (343), and her 10619 Perfidy, 7-yr. av., 6421.83 
lb. (2,095), within two years record a long carrying over of the yield 
after calving. Pop 2d's 12830 Purity gave a more steady record: 6- 
yr. av., 6209.16 lb. (1,976), a result that possibly was in large measure 
due to the sire Red Prince 2902. Perfidy's 19398 Perquisite-lst c- 
6,866 lb. (306), 2d c. 5,986 lb. (329); and 19966 Perish-lst c.-6,909 
lb. (301), then a 4-yr. av., 8200.25 lb. (1,210). 12470 Jenny Jones, third 
in descent from the cow Polly, which Mr. Fulcher bought, had a 2-yr. 
av., 7,373 lb. Her '18117 Joyful 4th and 5th c.-16,048 lb. (679); and 
18683 Judith 4-vr. av., 7782.67 lb. Judith's 20423 Judith 2d, 4-vr. av., 
7975.9 lb., highest record, 9,782% lb. Fifth in descent from 2606 
Wiffin Cherry, which Mr. Bradheld had bought of Rivett, 17388 Pon- 
dicherry-lst c.-3947% lb. (252); then after 14 days dry, 8,364% lb. 
(3.50). 

American Recoi-ds: 8796 Nonesuch, 16-vr.-old, 8500.4 lb., fat 
295.18 (354). Her gr. dr. [26710] Nina, 9638.5 lb., fat 394.14 (340); 
10723.6 lb., fat 465.45. [31471] Nonie, 7952.4 lb., fat 262.47. 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 49 

Breed Analyses: Nonesuch, N. 577.71, S. 8587, RP. 386.39. Nina, 
N. 533.88, S. 133.75, RP. 332.11. 



2 Norf Group had its origin in a Norfolk Polled herd, the care of 
the Mann family, at Great EUingham, from the early years of the 
19th century, with, in 1863, an infusion of the Elmhani blood. Mr. 
F. J. Mann kept no milk record, but these are available from 1895, 
by 4183 Margery Daw, 2-yr. av., 5,780 lb. (453). Her 7921 Lady Cop- 
ley, 3d and 4th c. av., 6,707 lb. (646). 8968 Martha-5th c, with 6th 
c. on December llth-6,871 lb. (263), and 6,725 lb. (287). 9581 Miss 
Betsy, 4th to 6th c. av., 7206.75 lb. (979). 10644 Madrigal-2d c- 
5,660 lb. (364). 21752 Miss Rosamond, 2-vr. av., 7,158 lb. 

5 Norf., Now in America: [22714] Helen, 8140.8 lb., fat 349.31 
7402.8 lb., fat 303.48. [24230] Hilda, 7509.4 lb., fat 280.92; 7723.5 
lb. (315). 22392 Violet 2d-lst c.-8,306i/2 lb. (322), then 3-yr. av., 



A new Norfolk Group has been bred at Gressenhall by Mr. John 
E. Hill with the four generations the get of registered sires as the 
foundation. 22075 Daisy 2d, 10,027V4 lb." (257), and 9,708% lb., fat 3.3. 
Her 22076 Daisy 3d-2d c.-8,012 lb. (353), then 4-vr. av., 7,303 lb., fat 
4.5. 22222 Poley 6th-3d c.-l 1,412 3/4 lb., fat 3.5. 22055 Cherry 3d 
11,5181/2 lb. (384); then S-yr. av., 9,064 lb., fat 4.1, and in 1915, 
9,550V2 lb. (347). 22124 Guist 6th-lst c. 6,011V2 lb. (385), then 3-yr. 
av., 8597.8 lb., fat 3.5; followed in 1914-5th c.-ll,424i.^ lb., and 8,626V3 
lb. (365) in 1915. 22223 Poppy 6th, 10,8471^ lb. (355), 7,411 lb. (337), 
11,4121/2 lb., fat 3.5, 12,923i2 lb. in 1914, 13,449 lb., and then 7,437y2 
lb. (315). 22392 Violet 2d-lst c.-8,306% lb. (322), the 3-yr. av., 
7129.9 lb., and in 1914, 10.155% lb., 9,214% lb. (275) in 1915. 
Eight other young cows have recorded in the last two years, all alike 
full of promise for this latest trial of careful breeding by registered 
sires, from selected Norfolk Red Polled unregistered cows. 



The .Suffolk Groups, which began to register in 1883, include 
some lines of breeding that characterized families registered in the 
previous three issues of the Herd Book. 4217 Miss Barney^l Suff., 
gr.-dr. of Mr. Gooderham's selection, 4-yr. av., 4,608 lb., fat 3.7 to 4.5 
(1,031). Fourth in descent from her 10959 Miss Barney-lst c.-ll,887 
lb. (672). Her 19007 Beautiful Barn-lst c.-6,848 lb. (322), then 4-yr. 
av., 7917.75 lb. (1,164); and 7th c, in 1914, 8,145 lb. (302). 

2 Suff. takes the name of E. Boon, a Brandeston farmer, who for 
over twenty years bred true to the Red Polled type. There are 53 
records. 

Mrs. J. F. Chevallier, who carred on the enquiring and careful 
work which the Mrs. Chevallier, of the closing years of the 18tli cen- 
tury, carried through, as reported by Arthur Young, added to the 
Aspall Hall herd, in 1890, two cows from the Boon herd. The prog- 
eny are yet in the Aspall herd. The older of the two, 2252 Hester, 
in her 14th year in the herd, gave birth to her 18th c. Her record 
as an 8-yr.-old was 7,078 lb. (292); her 9th to 11th c. av., 7496.83 
lb. (937), with other 6-yr. av., 6652.66 lb., the last year of which was 
7,517 lb. The other introduction into the herd, 2867 Hannah, began 
as 6-yr.-old, 6878 lb. (373), then ll,577y2 lb. (436), 8,446% lb. (283), 
6,1471/2 lb. (283), and 4,909 lb. (310). 



50 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

Hester's 7518 Shepherdess, 2-yr. av., 4,321 lb. (686); 8244 Sweet- 
as-Honey-3d C.-5.346 lb. (344), then 2-vr. av., 4761.5 lb., followed bv 
7-yr. av'., 7880.5 lb. 9127 Beehive-lst "c.-6,660 lb. and 7,084 lb., then 
8-yr. av., 9396.3 lb. 11219 Fair Hester, 1st and . 2d c.-15,685y2 lb.; 
then 10-yr. av., 7,815 lb., of which two years were-5th c. -9,043 lb., 
8th c. 9*059 lb. 12961 Shepherdess, 3-yr. av.. 7907.66 lb. 14241 
Shepherdess 2d, 6,754 lb., and Hester's 17th c, 15534 New Hester, 
2-yr. av.. 5,375 lb.: a noteworthv record of one cow's life! 

12961 Shepherdess' 18201 New Shepherdess-2d c.-7,358V2 lb., and 
19072 Cassia 2d-lst c.-5,950 lb., then 8.O58I2 lb., 8,687 lb., 10,458 lb., 
10,968 lb., 9,856 lb., 9.318 lb., 10,829 lb., 10,098 lb. (346). Cassia's 
22436 Aspall Psyche-lst c.-6,624 lb.. 7,981 lb. (281), and in 1915, 8,777 
lb. (320). Beehive's gr.-drs., 21533 Aspall Pearmain, 5-yr. av., 8923.-6 
lb.; highest record, 9,881 lb.; 21987 Aspall Pearmain "3d, 6989.5 lb. 
New Shepherdess' g'r.-drs., 21536 Aspall Princess, 4-vr. av., 6,086 
lb.; and 21537 Aspall Princess 2d-2d c.-7,048 lb., and 3-yr. av., 6114.33 
lb. Sweet-as-Honev's 17291 Noisette 2d, 5-vr. av., 7,341 lb., then 
9,750 lb., 11,050 lb.,' 9,878 lb., 7,970 lb. 

Breed Analyses: Hester, S. 975. RP. 25. 12691 Shepherdess, 
N. 119.34, S. 795.16, RP. 8545. Cassia 2d. N. 190.35, S. 705.92, RP. 
103.70. 

4817 Charm— 2 Suff., ll-yr.-old, 8,045 lb. (335). Her 6237 The 
Charmer-lst c.-5,792 lb. (217), 6,168 lb. (308), 9,424 lb. (350). The 
Charmer's 8316 Ashlyns Charmer-lst c.-8,763y2 lb. (294), then 2-yr. 
av., 8,344 lb. (651). Her 16123 Ashlvns-lst c.-6,158 lb. (395). Third 
in descent from 8316, 21257 Mav, 4-vr. av., 7,502 lb. (1.282). 

7346 Moth— 2 Suif.-lst c. -September 30th, 1893. to 31st December, 
1894, 11,213 lb. (415); then 9,743 lb. (324). to 10.210 lb. (315), 
13.468 lb. (343). Her 11321 Hastoe Butterflv-2d c. -7.670 lb. (318). 
11321's Birthright, 5,774 lb. (375), 5.516 lb. (326). 



4349 Sappho— 4 Suff., 5 to 8-vr.-old, av., 7633.33 lb.; then 11,580 
lb. (428), 7,720 lb. (237), 9,716 lb. (355). Her 6804 Susan-lst c- 
6,618% lb. (279); 4th c. 9,427 lb. Susan's 9146 Bessie-lst c.-5,441 
lb., then 3-vr. av., 6109.5 lb., and subsequent 3-yr. total, 25,112 lb. 
Bessie's 1426 Sabina, 3-vr. av., 6,204 lb. 

4918 Frump— 6 Suff., 4-vr. av., 8684.24 lb. Her 7880 Fuchsia, 
6,783 lb. (650). 

11878 Tassel— 9 Suff., 3d to 9th c, 7-vr. av.. 7.466.35 lb. (2.281); 
then 10th c. 9,2391,2 lb. (265) 11th c. 10,205^2 lb. (322). Her 18256 
Rendlesham Tasty-lst C.-5.899 lb. (353). 

DEVELOPED QUALITIES 

In selecting the Milk Records which would be a sure foundation 
for a demonstration of Progressive Inheritance, it has been the nale 
to transcribe those of the earliest published yearly returns which 
had given the best results, the date of the records usually corre- 
sponding. The array of figui'es, which may, as a whole be of interest 
to the student of eugenics, will be seen to be only a fraction of the 
material available. The breeder of the Red Polled will find that the 
family he has in his herd has its representatives, and it may be that 
he wall thence get something that will be helpful to him. This I will 
say, as neither breeder nor owner, that foily years' study of the evo- 
lution of a new British breed of "dual pui-pose" cattle has been a 
pleasant relaxation to the journalist. I hope the labour that ends it 
will be sei-viceable to hundreds of folk on both sides the Atlantic. 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 51 

The published milk records in England have been set down in 
the Herd Book for each year in succession since the autumn of 1890. 
The student of my transcript will recognize that where the first calf's 
record is mentioned it represents the heifer's yield from the date 
of birth to the last day of the 365, which is the standard close of the 
year in that particular herd — the end of September, October, or De- 
cember. That whei'e my transcript begins with second calf the rec- 
ord includes part of the yield of the heifer after the birth of the first 
calf, the dry term of days, and the early portion of the yield after 
the birth of the second calf, and so on for each year named. Where 
there has been set down the average yield of a named number of 
years, the number of days of the milk yield period is within paren- 
theses. The student is thus able to note how far the claim of the 
Red Polled to be "a great stayer" is borne out in that particular in- 
stance. It is a fact woilh noting that there are in not a few herds 
instances of continuous milk yielding two or moi-e years while giving 
birth to a calf each year. To name one instance only, Mr. R. Hai^vey 
Mason's 19220 Gemma — N4, whose record and breed analysis are set 
down in a previous page — From Jan. 1st of her 2d year, 1907, milked 
continuously, well into 1911, and then was diy 28 days only, while 
the year's total was 9,878 lbs. for 337 days. This ciuality of stead- 
fastness has been the recommendation of the Red Polled to many a 
purchaser in all lands. It must also be noted that not a few of the 
cattle hold up the milk for some days after being shaken in a railway 
train, so that it is a fallacy to cite a day or even two days' testing 
in a show-yard as demonstration of the value of that particular cow. 
The fact has been known many a year. Proof may be read in the 
Herd Book of 1900 (Vol. 17 British edition. Vol. 12 American edition), 
in a report made to the then Secretary by Mr. A. D. Bi-uce, who had 
been Steward of the Norfolk Agricultural Association Show at Diss 
in 1899. 



Steadfastness, which term may be honestly used as a character- 
istic of the present-day Red Polled, may be deemed to be a modem 
development of an inherent quality that had not been fostered. We 
have Arthur Young, in his "Minutes" dated January, 1786, protesting 
against certain High Suffolk practices. 

These three points — (1) two-year-old bulls, (2) two-yeai--old cows, (3) not 
weaning their first calves — are fully sufficient to account for the smallness of the 
breed here. But it must be admitted, that if they can get as much milk from a 
small cow as from a large one, they are not for this to be condemned. . . How- 
ever we may condemn their management, upon these ideas of breeding, as exerted 
in the Midland Counties, where the greatest attention is paid to every circumstance; 
still, we must admit what cannot be denied, that they possess the best race of milk- 
ers that are known in this island: that their profits, considering the size of their 
cows, are equal, if not superior, to any known ; and that in their food, and in the 
management of their dairies, I know nothing more iDerfect. 

The talk at Wheycurd Hall by Young and Reeve cannot have 
been without full consideration of these particulars. John Reeve's 
first evidence of his new work was a bull two years old, which bull 
he again showed when four years old. Again, during 26 years he 
exercised his superior judgment in the selection of cows and bulls, 
which met his ideal of what was then termed the "general purpose" 
cow. The now generally adopted term had been used in the fonn 
"breeds claiming dual purpose character" in the report on the Pan- 
American Exposition drafted by Mr. J. McLain Smith, of Dayton, 
Ohio, for presentation to the "Red Polled Cattle Club" when it met 
at Chicago on December 4th, 1901. (The old-fashioned tei-m has, by 



52 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



an American journalists happy thought, when writing of the Red 
Polled in Kansas, as "The Farmer's Cow," given place to a much 
more compact and accurate description: "The Dual-Purpose Cow." 
It may truly be said the characteristic just named is a modern in- 
. stance of evolution carefully thought out on lines corresponding with 
what we now know as the Mendel law. John Reeve could not fail to 
see that success depended on careful selection of the true dual-pur- 
pose blood-red polled cow — the "new breed," and a withdrawal of 
such of the progeny as were wholly of the Suffolk type, and those 
which were of the mixed type. It is a singular fact that a Devon 
schoolmaster, about the same time as John Reeve found the secret 
of hybridisation, also found it by the cultivation of a variety of the 
pea (as did the Brunn Augustinian Abbot, Gregor Johann Mendel, 
some fifty years later) ; but he did not bring it to pei*fection because 
he failed to cast aside growths that did not wholly fulfill the ideal 
"new type." 



The many records of milk yield which have been published since 
1886, and quoted in foregoing pages, show that there was, thirty 
years ago, much diversity in the detail of the number of days in 
the year's yield. That since there has been much attention paid 
to the production of milk after the birth of the first and second 
calves there is a much larger proportion of cows which milk steadily 
oOO days and over in the year. And that no small amount of the im- 
provement is due to the judgment used in the choice of the sire for 
its dam's proven worth. 

The old-time fault of a too early breeding of heifers is now 
well-nigh unknown. In its place we have much more attention paid 
to the young stock, so that the display of yearling and two-year- 
old Red Polled heifers at a show, and even on a farm, is "a thing 
of beauty," and, if owners and breeders be wise, also "a joy forever" 
to old and young folk. When opportunity serves, such stock live 
their natural life on a wealthy marsh, meadow, or ijark, so that 
when the first calf is born there is full life for it as well as for the dam. 
The evidence of this is seen in the dozens of records of a continuous 
yield of milk quoted in the essay. One such instance is found in 
the last record published at Whitlingham: 12078 Brisk — W2 extend- 
ed its yield, after the birth of the first calf, to 713 days. After the 
heifer had 63 days rest, the second calf's birth was followed by a 
yield of 7,225 V4 lb. milk in the remaining 294 davs of the vear, and 
a yield, after the third calf, of 8,458 lb. milk in 350 days of the 365 
in that year. Her further history is not available since she was 
sold when the Red Polled stock had to be ott"ered by public auction — 
the Norwich Town Council being required by governmental author- 
ities to take possession of the farm. In many another instance the 
success of the practice of a prolonged milk period after the birth 
of the first calf cannot be determined, because the evidence was too 
strong to be resisted by the buyer of cows, breeders as well as dairy- 
men, who sought after "a good milker." 



Another bit of similar Red Polled history given in an earlier 
page extends to the present time, and has its worth on both sides 
of the Atlantic ocean. The transcript of T. group records contains 
those of 2716 Coronet — Tl, and some of her descendants. Coronet's 
first calf -was born when a record of milk yield had not begun at 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 53 

Whitlingham. Her 2d calf was born on April 23d, 1888; milk yield, 
9,103 lb.; then on May 4th, 1889, her 3d calf. And she had given 
12,253 lb. milk when, on May 25th, 1890, she was exported to Amer- 
ica while yet her week's yield was 157 lb. The results of a test of 
her milk, taken on three consceutive days in 1888, when she was on 
grass feed only, will be set forth in the section of this essay which 
relates to butter production. 5367 Coronet 2d was Coronet's 3d calf, 
and was sired by lago 1025. After her 2d calf and during part of 
the next year she was set apart for a special purpose, and as the 
milk was taken from the farm only a portion of each day's return 
was weighed and entered on the record sheets, to be copied into the 
carefully kept farm accounts. The record shows that she thence- 
forward gave a total yield of 29,956y2 lb. milk in 1,461 days, with 
a 3.5 per cent butter fat content when on grass feed. Her maximum 
yield of milk, after 4th calf, 8,770% lb. in 354 days. This Coronet's 
3d calf was Corporal 4313, whose sire was Red Prince 2902, and 
its dam a Tl cow. The record of 5367 Coronet 2d's 6th calf, 14723 
Coronet 3d, sired by Redmond 5147, was: 1st c. 9,963% lb. yield 
in 539 days, then a 59 days' rest, and a further yield of 8,052 Vo lb., 
and one of 8,022^/2 lb., in the year 1904. Then she was sold. Her 
4th calf was born on January 28th, 1905, and the milk record- 
after purchase and a railwav journey to Tring Park — From April 12 
to September 30, 1908, was 11,112 lb. in 632 days, followed by 8,378 
lb. in 252 days after the 5th calf. The cow as is told in a previous 
page, is yet doing its part in Wexford County, and has there given 
birth to both bulls and heifers. To return to Coronet 2d's story, 
as shown by Corporal 4313. He was the sire in Wisconsin of [24888] 
Pear — Iv25, whose good record is given in a previous page, while 
her yet more noteworthy daughter [28991] J. D. L. Pear, has two 
successive years' record of 13160.6 lb. milk and 16598.4 lb. milk; for 
the two years, 1253.58 lb. butter fat, estimated butter 1566.97 lb. 
One of Corporal's sons — there are no fewer than 40 making a repu- 
tation in the United States — was Proctor Knott [12092], whose gr.- 
dam, 1738 Polly 2d— Ell, was bred by Mr. W. B. Easter at Stockton. 
This Proctor Knott sired [31725] J. D. L. Beauty— W2, which has 
won for herself a world-wide notoriety (the details are set out in 
the Butter Production section of this essay), and [31729] J. D. L. 
Latona B20, which has a year's record of 11053.6 lb. milk, 423.37 lb. 
butter fat. 

On another line of Ell breeding, [40629], J. D. L. Purity— Ell, 
which was born January 10, 1914, was junior champion at Montana 
State Fair in 1915. Her sire was Ruperta's Goods [19226], live 
weight 2,250 lb. J. D. L. Purity having dropped her first calf in 
April, 1916, began her Advanced Registry test; her live weight 1,230 
lb. When four months in milk she entered contest at Janesville, 
Wisconsin, as two-year-old heifer, having then to her credit 200 lb. 
butter fat, milking twice a day; won the grand champion female 
honor, and competing in the two-days dairy contest, with fresh Jer- 
sey and Guernsey cows, won third place. 



Another development of the present day Red Polled is seen in 
its betterment in an environment much superior to that which in 
East Anglia affects the produce of the soil no less than the live stock 
thereon. Many a detail is to be found in the transcript of "Progres- 
sive Milk Inheritance," where full particulars are given of Red 
Polled cows bred in East Anglia and sent thence to Lord Rothschild's 



54 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



estate in Hertfordshire. 13315 Clarissa — W3 was notewortiiy and 
of general repute as a competitor. Her dam, 6246 Chrissy, as the 
records show, was "a good milker." Clarissa began her career at 
Whitlingham with a high promise. This was more than fulfilled un- 
der the new conditions, which brought a milk yield of from 11,118 
lb. in 3.32 days to 13,577 lb. in 328 days. She was then sold, and it is 
not unlikely that she had to pay the all too common dairyman's pen- 
alty — the being sold to kill when she had given a year or two's hand- 
some profit. One looks in vain for any other result, by registration 
of Clarissa's births. 

Both 18179 Mona — W3, of the same family as Clarissa, but of 
another line of breeding, and her dam, 17171 Minnie, made their 
records in a more favorable environment than that in which their 
predecessors lived. Minnie's recoi'd, it will be seen from the tran- 
script was very good. Mona's began in 1905, under yet more favor- 
able conditions, in Longford Castle herd, a few miles northwest of 
Salisbury, and near to a small river. Mona's milk yields are set 
out in detail in the transcript of the W Group. In the same herd 
there sre many Red Polled, representing all that are now known 
of an old-time good High Suffolk family, V17. Their many records 
demonstrate the great progress attendant on car'^'ful breeding, with 
the equally desirable care in the matter of feeding. A few miles 
further up the river the Heytesbury herd, as the transcript of milk 
records evidence, also well demonstrates the outcome of a Western 
land environment. 

An equally well known excellent result followed the transference 
of 13767 Linda 3d — P4 from Whitlingham to Acton Reynold some 
seven miles north of Shrewsbury, and of 16483 Desiree of Johns- 
town — P4 from southern Ireland to the same herd. And just as 
marked is the effect of the South Coast lands environment demon- 
strated by the Cheriton herd milk records. 

"A TYPE OF FARMER'S COW." 

The question of feeding the Red Polled cow, so as to give its due 
place to the milk-yielding inheritance, demands a few words. A 
good many years ago. Red Polled taken to Cheshire and to York- 
shire East Riding, did not give satisfaction. Enquiry brought out 
the fact that they had been so fed as to develop the beef-making 
inheritance, the owners not knowing, what more than one East Anglian 
herd owner had proved, that two Shorthorn cows in their Norfolk 
and Suffolk climature — to use Wm. Marshall's quaint term — required 
as much food as did three Red Polled. This assertion is corrobor- 
ated by a communication addressed to the "Li e Stock Journal" in 
the autumn of 1915 by the owner of some Mayo farm land, who 
signed himself "B." In it he said: — 

"In my own scheme a native cow, but a particularly good one, 
was put to a pure Red Poll. The calf came a heifer, and I made this 
the foundation for further improvement by the Shorthorn generation 
after generation. The result is a plump type of Shorthorn, but enor- 
mously more productive in proportion to cost, stronger in constitu- 
tion, easier to feed, easier to sell, earlier to mature, (juite as high in 
quantity of milk, and much higher in butter. The yearling bulls are 
sold at nearly twice the price of my neighbors,' which have cost 
more to raise them, and I can sell them all without leaving home. 
The chief representative of this family is now in the Dairy Herd 
Book (Polly 2d, No. 2365). A red cow well horned, near the ground, 
always fat, a fine milker, and 25 per cent above the requirement in 



DUAL PUEPOSE CATTLE 55 

butter. No cow can get into the Herd Book on less than 600 gallons, 
but mine is far above that, and she did her tests for the season 
mainly on pasture of which the annual valuation is under 3s. 7d. an 
acre. To produce my blend and raise a foundation fit to carry a 
Shorthorn development in a region like this I had calculated on the 
history of the Red Poll, an animal finely specialized for dual pur- 
poses, generally milking 1,000 gallons and feeding up to a ton weight. 
. . . Side by side with Polly 2d I have raised also another family, 
from native stock and pure Shorthorn sires alone; good cows, often 
making high prices, but their economic inferiority makes a lesson 
for a nation, though the Department sticks to the formula, plus the 
farther inferiority of the Aberdeen-Angus. This family is repre- 
sented in the Dairy Herd Book by Betty (No. 2364) and her daughter 
(No. 740). A great cow Betty, about ecpal to Polly in productive 
values, but at a cost more than 25 per cent higher. She can milk 
over half a hundred weight in the day on the three-and-seven-penny 
pasture; but she appears to forget that any further calf is expected 
of her, unless hand-fed at a rate which makes her so much less 
profitable than Polly." 

This bit of evidence as to the two varieties of dual-purpose cow 
being altogether an independent testimony, and from the practical 
money point of view, needs must be accepted. The "Encyclopedia 
of Agriculture" (Edinburgh, 1909) may also be quoted as a sum- 
mary of comparative results at Tring Park: — 

Lord Rothschild has at Tring Park three herds: Shorthomed, 
Jersey, and Red Polled respectively, descended from cows chosen 
for their proved milk inheritance. The returns published each year 
are thus of the highest value for comparative purposes. Here are 
a few of the averages of milk yields of cows which were in the herd 
the whole year: — 

1888-9 (372) days): 21 Shorthorn, 7896.95 lb.; 37 Jersey, 6480.08 
lb.; 36 Red Polled, 7033.45 lb. 

1889-90 (365 days): 34 Shorthorn, 6,785 lb.; 39 Jersey, 6,136 lb.; 
34 Red Polled, 6,520 lb. 

1900-01: 36 Shorthorn, 6559.2 lb.; 31 Jersey, 6,33.5'.12 ib.; 43 
Red Polled, 6,895.75 lb. 

1905-6: 57 Shorthorn, 6,706.05 lb.; 21 Jersey, 6,919.61 lb.; 30 
Red Polled, 6,743.81 lb. 

1906-7: 46 Shorthorn, 6,787.5 lb.; 18 Jersey, 7,455.80 lb.; 40 Red 
Polled, 6,571.5 lb. 

1907-8: 54 Shorthorn, 6,658 lb.; 9 Jersey, 5,944 lb.; 40 Red Polled, 
6,174.45 lb. 

The Shorthorns in the herd in 1906-7 included one 11,641 lb., 
four from 10,000 to 11,000 lb., three from 9,000 to 10,000 lb., seven 
from 8,000 to 9,000 lb., six from 7,000 to 8,000 lb., four from 6,000 
to 7,000 lb., nine from 5,000 to 6,000 lb., ten under 5,000 lb. And in 
1907-8, one 12,370 lb., one 11,656 lb., one 10,047 lb., six from 9,000 
to 10,000 lb., seven from 8,000 to 9,000 lb., eight from 7,000 to 8,000 
lb., nine from 5,000 to 6,000 lb., fifteen under 5,000 Ib. In 1906-7 
the individual returns of the Red Polled were: — 12,005 lb., 9,381 
lb., 8,000 to 9,000 lb., four; 7,000 to 8,000 lb., eight; 6,000 to 7,000 
lb., fourteen; 5,000 to 6,000 lb., five; under 5,000 lb., seven. In 
1907-8 13,577 lb., 9,803 lb., 8,000 to 9,000 lb., four; 7,000 to 8,000 
lb., nine; 6,000 to 7,000 lb., seven; 5,000 to 6,000 lb., three; under 
5,000 lb., thirteen. 



56 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



It would be of value, as well as of interest, to know how far 
the improvement in milk and butter fat records in the United States 
has resulted from the adoption of the Hezelmund plan of milking, 
systematized at the Ladelund Dairy School, Denmark, and promul- 
gated in America by the University of Wisconsin Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, Bulletin ISlo. 06, "Investigations of Method of 
Milking." In Bulletin No. 107, dated December, 1903, there was 
given full details of official tests of two Red Polled cows, and of 
the grade Red Polled "Lady," 5-yr.-old, with her photo process por- 
trait. Her sires for two generations were Red Polled bulls from 
Mr. J. W. Martin's herd. Principal W. L. Carlyle's report on "Lady," 
printed in the "Chicago Breeders' Gazette," showed: Milk 10016.4 
lb., fat 409.05 lb., in eight months. She was tested from January 
9th to 15th, 1904, under the supervision of an expert from the Illi- 
nois Experiment Station. A note in Bulletin No. 107 gave the re- 
sults: Milk 406.1 lb., fat 17.566 lb., average per cent 4.23. The cow had 
calved down December 27th, 1903. The food consumed by Lady 
during the Illinois expert's test was: Silage 210 lb., sugar beet 
575 lb., hay 456 lb., corn meal 21 lb., oil meal 31 lb., gluten meal 
11 lb., brail 42 lb., ground oats 21 lb.; market cost for the week, 
$1.93. In one year she gave: Milk 12,585 lb., butter fat 471.40 lb., 
equal to 549.57" lb. of butter. Her products were at market value 
worth $120.27; cost of food, $43.96; profit, $76.31. The paragraph 
thus sent forth by the chief of the Wisconsin Experiment Station 
had as its heading: "A Type of Farmer's Cow. In November, 1902, 
a communication from the Station to Mr. Ma}tin, who had been one 
of the two Wisconsin men that had presented the cow for full know- 
ledge of the type, contained this paragraph: "You will be very glad 
to know that "the Red Polled cow Lady has just finished a week's 
record, in which she has given us 17 lb. of butter. She has given 
as high as 60 lbs. of milk in a single day. Wish that I might have 
a pure bred or two like her." 

Lady's record continued from the year 1901-2 to the year 1905-6. 
At the beginning of the record she had been in milk 81 days. Her 
live weight was 1,158 lb. The several years' record was: Milk 
9534.4 lb.,, fat 4.03, per cent 384.27, net profit 51.04 dol.; 11025.1 
lb., fat 449.36 lb. (324), profit 62.36 dol.; 11632.6 lb., fat 492.97 lb. 
(322), profit 77.68 dol.; 10516.0 lb., fat 415.79 lb. (321), profit 58.30 
dol.; 11287.5 lb., fat 449.73 (315), profit 69.81 dol. Total value of 
five years' products 576.22 dol., cost of feed 257.03 doh, net profit 
319.U) dol. 



A Farmer's Cow class was provided at the Chicago Interna- 
tional Show, December, 1902. In the "Breeders' Gazette" of Feb- 
ruary 11th, 1902, Mr. McLain Smith remarked on the non-issue of 
the official report. The matter had, in fact, been well-nigh forgotten, 
though the contest was one of the richest in the show in money 
prizes. A representative of the "Breeders' Gazette" thereupon, after 
search, found in the general manager's office the papers containing 
the markings of the judges, which were in some way, misplaced. 
These showed that there were five competitors, of which four were 
Red Polls. Each of the cows had been tested three times during 
the year. 13154 Beatrice — A3 (5-yr.-old), which won first place, 
had milked 330 days: butter fat (estimate) 337.8 lb., 35 points. Her 
calf, hand-fed. weighed 710 lb. at ten months old, and, judged by 
form and handling, was credited with 40 per cent, while the cow got 
19 points, so tliat the total score was 94 points. 13518 Waxy — All 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 57 

(6-vr.-old), placed third, totalled 91 points, the cow 24 points; milked 
210 days, fat 287.6 lb., 31 points, the calf 36 points. 12715 Nellie's 
Lady— V13 (5-yr.-old), placed fourth, scored 23 points, milked 280 
days, fat 276 lb., 30 points; the calf 36 points; total score 89 points. 
9701 Princess 2d — HI, placed fifth, also scored 23 points, milked 
360 days, fat 307.8 lb., 35 points; her calf 30 points; total score, 
88 points. 

Second place went to the Iowa Agricultural College for Col- 
lege Moore, a Shorthorn. She had milked 333 days, butter fat esti- 
mate 315.1 lb., 35 points. Her calf, 10 months, 19 days old, weighed 
670 lb., and was credited with 32 points, this last being adjudged 
on its worth as a beef animal. This, the only Shorthorn exhibit, 
was awarded a total of 92 points, the cow winning 25 points, as com- 
pared with 24 points by Waxy, 23 by those which were placed 
fourth and fifth, and 19 by the first prize winner, whose calf was 8 
points ahead of the Shorthorn's at the same age. The Shorthorn 
calf, when 355 days old, had increased its weight to 730 lb. But one 
of the Red Polled calves, which had been hand-fed, and was 380 
days old when competing, had weighed 860 lb. The judges were 
Professor W. L. Carlyle, of the Wisconsin Experimental Station, and 
Professor G. E. Day, of Ontario Agricultural College. 

A goodly sum was announced as subscribed for a similar open 
Farmers' Cow class at the Chicago International Exposition in 1903. 
There were, however, only two competitors. Mr. J. W. Martin's Red 
Polled 8487 Duchess of Wisconsin .5th— U5 was awarded first prize. 
Tested at the Wisconsin Experimental Station, she was credited with 
9,940.1 lb. milk in 10 m., 20d., 440 lb. of butter fat, average 4.43 per 
cent. Her yield for 365 days was 11,015 lb. milk, 487.97 lb. fat. 
The official report not being published, and Mr. J. McLain Smith, 
the exhibitor of the other Red Polled cow, which was awarded sec- 
ond prize, having died, further statistics are not available. The 
noteworthy fact arising out of Chicago business men's endeavors 
to establish a Farmers' Cow competition was that it had failed 
through the refusal of breeders other than those of the Red Polled 
to meet any competitors, and to be content with the boast that the 
Shorthorn was par excellence the dual purpose breed. 

As evidence of the cross Red Poled sire Shorthorn dam, Dr. J. 
R. Shingerland, of Union Village, Ohio, reported a year's feeding 
results (1895-6), 18 two-yr.-old steers, average 790 lb., gained 702 
lb. on the average. They had no hay, as the season was one of 
drought, but corn (maize) fodder after the com was husked, and 
each steer 50 bushels of corn. 35 Shorthorn steers "of the very best," 
average weight 940 lb., gained 600 lb. as the average, fed on "rea- 
sonably good pasture," corn fodder and hay with 85 bushels of corn 
for each steer. All sold on the same day to the same person at 4 
cents per pound. 

THE BUTTER INHERITANCE 

Quotations have ah-eady been given as to the butter production 
of the Suff"olk Polled in the olden time. Arthur Young, in 1786, re- 
ported that "the butter and cheese only of a farm of 90 pounds a 
year let nearly at its value, sold for 140 pounds." . . . "A farm 
of 185 pounds a year: 121 firkins of butter, and 65 weys of cheese, 
these at 33s., the price sold at 306 pounds, 8 s." "Another instance, 
in which 20 cows made 80 firkins of butter, besides cheese; and an- 
other, in which the cows made 4 firkins of butter each, but no cheese." 
"Mr. Chevallier's cows have paid more than once above 8 pounds 



58 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

per cow." I am well convinced, from all I heard and saw, that no 
other application of this wet soil, which though good, is not rich 
enough to fatten bullocks in a high stile, would be so advantageous 
as the dairy." We have it also on recoi'd that the Mrs. Chevallier 
who entertained Arthur Young at Aspall Hall, put the Suffolk 
Polled's milk to the test, and at the same time that of the Bakewell 
Longhorns, which were then growing into favor, and were deemed 
good milkers. She found that three quarts of milk from the Suf- 
folk cow gave two and a third ounce of cream more than that from 
the Longhorned after standing 36 hours, and churned one-fourth 
more butter. An equal quantity of hot water being then added to 
the milk, after 12 hours the milk from the horned cow gave four 
ounces more cream than that from the polled. 

There are no continuous records of the percentage of butter 
fat in the present day Red Polled herds in High Suffolk, by which 
there might be a comparison with the facts and figures reported 
by Arthur Young. But Mr. J. B. Chevallier has had tests made by 
Mr. F. J. Lloyd, analytical chemist of the British Dairy Farmers' 
Association, and by the Eastern Counties Dairy Institute, of the 
cows then in his herd, and there is now in the county an East 
Anglian Milk Record Society, which is going to do its part towards 
reporting results of the business. The Red Poll Society has also 
moved in the right direction. From tests thus made ai'e the follow- 
ing transcripts: — 

Whitlingham had one official test in 1888 made by Mr. F. J. 
Lloyd, to form part of the story of the Association's visit in the 
autumn of 1887. The test was an analysis of three milk yields: (a) 
On May 31st, when the cows had been first turned out on a new 
growth of grass and clover on the Sewage farm, (b) On June 20th, 
when drought had greatly reduced the supply of feed, (c) On July 
19th, after rain had fallen, and the grass had made fair growth, (a) 
2176 Coronet— Tl (2d c. April 2d), week's milk, 280 lbs.; fat, a. m. 
6:10, p. m. 4.80; total solids, a. m. 15.08, p. m. 14.08. (b) Week's milk, 
273 lb.; fat, a. m. 3.73, p. m. 3.93; total solids, a. m. 13.02, p. m. 
13.14. (c) Week's milk, 246% lb.; fat, a. m. 3.27. p. m. 4.02; total 
solids, a. m. 12.43, p. m. 13.16. 2753 Di— S3 (41,2 yr., c. March 15th), 
Week's milk, 258% lb.; fat a. m. 5.86, p. m. 5.83; total solids; a. m. 
15.30, p. m. 15.01 (b) Week's milk, 237 ^^ lb.; fat, a. m. 2.90, p. m. 
3.68; total solids, a. m. 12.14, p. m. 13.08. (c) Week's milk, 190y2 lb.; 
fat, a. m. 4.55, p. m. 5.08; total solids, a. m. 14.00, p. m. 14.06. 1536 
Silent Beauty— 09 (6^2 yr., c. January 12th). Week's milk, 201% 
lb.; fat, a. m. 5.40, p. m. 5.87; total solids, a. m. 14.50 p. m. 14.94. 
(b) Week's milk, I79I2 lbs.; fat a. m. 3.67, p. m. 4.55; total solids, 
a. m. 12.82. p. m. 13.63. (c) Week's milk, 154^^ lb.; fat a. m. 3.82, 
p. m. 4.59; total solids, a. m. 12.80, p. m. 13.48. On April 20th^ 1889, 
samples taken when cows on grass feed, sent to Mr. Francis Sutton, 
public analyst for Norfolk: 1513 Fillpail— Rll (9 yr., 7th c. March 
11th), milk 57% lb.; fat, p. m. 2.50, a. m. 3.85; non-fatty solids, p. 
m. 9.46, a. m. 9.30. 2875 Heedless— 02 (41/2 yr., 3d c. March 27th), 
milk 48% lb.; fat, p. m. 3.47, a. m. 4.20; non-fatty solids, p. m. 9.41 
a. m. 9.10. 2457 Poppy— 1 Norf. (9 yr., 8th c. April 11th), milk 
46^2 lb.; fat p. m. 3.67, a. m. 4.45; non-fatty solids, p. m. 9.04, a. m. 
9.22. The Babcock tests, taken in 1892, 1894, and 1895, mentioned in 
n\ilk records of Whitlingham, when cows were on grass feed only. 

When the Babcock tester was available Mr. R. Harvey Mason 
began its regular use in the Necton Herd. In 1892-3 he added to 
his published list the highest percentage of butter fat. From April 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 59 

1st, 1893, he recorded the average percentage of each of the cows. 
The percentage of butter fat has been given with the transcripts of 
milk records in previous pages. A few more recent totals are ap- 
pended: 9562 Mempris— N4, 291.10 lb., 238.97; 10207 Effigv— N4, 
346.28 lb.; 17918 Berrv— N4, 534.1 lb., 587.8, 590.52; 19220 Gemma 
N4, 34437 lb., 389.7, 365.385; 19753 Edna— N4, 27871 lb., 271.31; 
20729 Gipsy— N4, 327.253, 271.321; 21162 Evangeline— N4, 300.3; 
20316 Duchess of Necton— N6, 212.28 lb., 280.44, 301.13; 21145 Dor- 
mouse— N6, 305.84 lb.; 22093 Donna— N6, 270.11 lb., 225.68. 

6835 Twin Rosebud— P3, 309.50 lb., 315.83; 18309 Sporle Eu- 
genie-PS, 345.34 lb., 271, 399.32, 366.63, 272.74, 232.73, 236.36; 
18594 Emerald— P3, 319.55 lb., 253.31, 364.43; 20722 Eve— P3, 315.51 
lb., 288.79, 277.23, 335.03; 19290 Lark— L9, 335 lb., 379.4, 392.6; 18754 
Moth— L9, 282.19, 246.8, 253, 270.6. 

12619 Meadow Blush 2d— Al (13V2 vrs., on September 21st, 
1910), milk, 22 lb.; fat, p. m. 3.8 a. m. 3.8; weight, .89 lb. 17126 
Meadow Blush 3d— Al, in 1903, fat 4.4; 1904, fat 5.1; September 
21st, 1910 (c. 18th January), milk, 231/2 lb., fat, p. m. 5.1, a. m. 4.9; 
weight, 1.10 lb.; February 22d, 1911 (c. 6th Februarv), milk, 41 lb.; 
fat, p. m. 3.9. a. m. 3.8; weight, 1.58 lb. 21729 Meadow Blush 5th— 
Al (1st c. November 20th, 1910). Februarv 22d, 1911, milk, 32y2 
lb.; fat, p. m. 4.1, a. m. 3.2 weight, 1.17 lb. In 1898 Mr. Newton re- 
ported in the Herd Book that the butter yield per 1 000 lb. milk was 
over 43 lb. in summer, over 44 lb. in winter. 

Mr. Chevallier had a full analysis of the milk of cows in the 
Aspall Herd, made on February 20th, 1907, by Mr. F. J. Lloyd, in 
November, 1910; and three tests in 1911 by the Eastern Counties 
Dairy Institute. 12952 Sapphire — U3, fat 4.03 per cent, other solids 
9.55; on November 23-24, 1910, milk, 21 lb.; fat, p. m. 4.3, a. m. 4.25. 
Calved down March 12th, 1911; May ll-12th, milk 40 lb., fat p. m. 
4.2, a. m. 3.4. Her 21535 Aspall Pomona-lst c. September 2d; No- 
vember 23-24; milk 28 lb., fat. p. m. 3.8, a. m. 3.8; February 20-21, 
2d c; August 4th, milk 23I/2 lb., fat p. m. 4.5, a. m. 3.5; May 11-12, 
milk 23 lb., fat, p. m. 4.6, a. m. 3.5; September 3-4, milk 32 "lb., fat, 
p. m. 3.7, a. m. 3.5; 5th c. October 20th, 1914, fat, p. m. 4.9, a. m. 
4.0. 12986 Snowball— A3, fat 3.30, other solids 9.74. 9127 Beehive— 
2 Suff., fat 3.68, other solids 9.18. 17291 Noisette 2d, fat 3.30, other 
solids 9.29; in 1910-11. milk 39I/2 lb., fat, p. m. 4.0, a. m. 3.0. 18522 
Cineraria, fat 5.38, other solids 9.94. 19650 Cineraria 3d, fat 4.00, 
other solids 9.44. 19072 Cassia 2d, fat 5.18, other solids 10.90; May, 
1911 (in milk 25 days), milk 56 lb., fat, p. m. 4.1, a. m. 3.2; Septem- 
ber, milk 37 lb., fat, p. m. 4.5, a. m. 3.5. 21533 Aspall Pearmain 1st 
(September, 1911, 45 days in milk), milk 39 lb., fat, p. m. 3.5, a. m. 
3.2. 21538 Aspall Prunella (in milk 40 days), milk 25^^ lb., fat, 
p. m. 4.5, a. m. 3.0. 31071 Brookshill Bud 2d— Al (in milk 88 days), 
milk 26 lb., fat, p. m. 4.2, a. m. 3.8; Februarv, 1912 (in milk 38 days), 
milk 421/2 lb., fat, p. m. 4.0, a. m. 3.6. 21589 Brookshill Bud 3d 
(in milk 15 days), milk 29V2 lb., fat, p. m. 4.9, a. m. 4.3. 21589 
Brookshill Violet (in milk 143 days), milk 35I/2 lb., fat, p. m. 4.6, 
a. m. 4.5. 

The butter fat proportion of the milk yields in the several Amer- 
ican tested Red Polled cows since January, 1908, has been set out 
in previous pages as part of milk record' transcript. A few other 
facts and details may find place in this section of the essay. 

Mr. P. G. Henderson, of Central City, Iowa, as proprietor of the 
Valley Farm Creameries, kindly furaished me with his milk deliv- 



60 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



eries from his Red Polled herd in the years 1899 and 1900. These, 
with his remarks, were given by me in the Live Stock Journal, and 
are now quoted: — 

Milk Delivered at Creamery fvlilk Delivered at Creamery 

in 1899 in 1900 

Lb. Per Cent Amt. Lb. Per Cent Amt. 

of Butter Butter of Butter Butter 

Milk Fat Fat ' Milk Fat Fat 

January 7,489 4.2 .314.5 8,249 3.7 305.2 

February ,S,t;50 4.1 354.6 10.000 3.8 380.0 

March 8,711 4.0 348.4 10,286 4.0 411.4 

April 9.758 4.0 390.3 8,877 4.0 355.1 

Mav 11.063 3.8 420.4 11,145 3.9 434.6 

June 12,000 4.0 480.0 12,100 3.8 459. s 

July 12,317 3.8 468.0 13,118 4.1 537.5 

August 10,39(1 4.0 415.6 11,050 4.0 442.0 

September S.700 4.1 356.7 11,511 4.2 483.4 

October 6,741 4.0 269.6 11.666 4.4 513.3 

November 6.1149 4.2 254.0 8.840 4.2 371.3 

December 6,760 4.0 270.0 7,411 4.0 290.7 

108,628 4,342.3 124,253 4,991,3 

Add 868.5 Add 998.2 

Total lbs of Butter 5,211 Total lbs. of butter .. 5,989.5 

Average of milk 4.937.63 lb. Average of milk 5,647,86 lb. 

Average of butter 236.86 lb. Average of butter 271.89 lb. 

Mr. Henderson sends me the following memoranda: — "The av- 
erage of cows in each of these years supplying milk to the creamery 
was twenty-two. Calves are hand raised, and are fed on new fresh- 
drawn milk until six weeks to two months old, then they are turned 
on to skim milk. The calves are liberally fed. New whole milk 
was in 1899 the most economical feed they could have to push them 
along during the first weeks of their lives, for milk during the year 
was low in price at the creameries, averaging not more than % per 
cent, per lb. The milk sent to the creamery from my herd is the 
surplus after calf feeding after each month of the year, regardless 
of how many calves were dry at the time. The cows, however, drop 
their calves through the whole year, the practice having been for 
years to breed the cows at first heat, so there is considerable uni- 
formity in number in milk each month." . . . "The year 1900 
was an excellent season; the year previous was rather droughty. 
The grass in 1900 was excellent up to November. As a few of the 
cows lost calves prematurely, we fed less new milk; we raised seven- 
teen during the yeai*. About the same number in milk as in 1899. 
The months of May to end of October were the months when the 
cows run on blue grass pasture." 

Subsequent to the report in the "Live Stock Journal" of the 
wonderful year's record, which ended on January 11th, 1916, of 
[.31725] Jean Du Luth Beauty— W2, at the Jean Du Luth Farm, 
Duluth, Minnesota, I was furnished with various details by Mr. G. 
P. Grout, the managing owner, and Mr. Harley A. Martin, of Gotham, 
Wisconsin, who as secretary of the Red Polled Cattle Club of Amer- 
ica, received from the farm the returns month by month. The tran- 
script of milk records shows in a previous page in the W Group 
that [17976] Bessie— W2, as tested in the year 1909-10, milked 303 
days. She then had live w^eight 1,500 lb. Her [31725] Jean Du 
Luth Beauty was born on July loth, 1909, v.-hen that test began, and 
was put to the club test on giving birth to her 2d calf in 1912. Her 
milk yield during the year was 10019.8 Ih., butter fat 442.95 lb., and 
her live weight 1,195 lb. After giving birth to 3d calf she got a 
restful time, and increased her live weight to 1,500 lb. On the birth 
of 4th calf, January 11th, 1915, the new test began. The club reg- 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 61 

ulation provides that there be two milkings in the 24 hours, and 
that there be tests from time to time by duly appointed persons. 
In the case of J. D. L. Beauty, as a guard against unfair sugges- 
tions, it was provided that the test should be made by experts from 
the Minnesota Experimental Station, with re-tests by experts from 
the Wisconsin Station. As a matter of fact, there were no fewer 
than fourteen of these experts who took part in the duty, with a 
fifteenth early in January, 1916, from the North Dakota Experimen- 
tal Station, and Mr. Harley Martin went on duty to the farm in 
October. After the test liad ended the following statements were 
made officially respecting the year's proceedings: — 

Unlike most high record cows that have one constant attendant 
throughout their entire test period, Beauty, unfortunately, was milked 
by at least eight different men during the year, and she was changed 
from one milker to another no less than fifteen times. Four men 
had her feeding in charge at different times during her year's work, 
and one of the men who milked and fed her for four months had had 
absolutely no experience before with test or record cows. The lux- 
uries of life that most World's Record Cows enjoy, such as electric 
fans, etc.. Beauty knew nothing about. She was handled during her 
year's work in no extraordinary way except that a little more care 
was taken in her feeding than the other cows in the herd received. 
She was let out to water with the rest of the herd, and drank out 
of the river Lester until the cold weather set in. In the summer 
time she went to pasture and grazed on the luxuriant clover and 
grasses common to northern Minnesota. Her grain ration consisted 
of bran, oil meal, gluten feed, corn meal, Ajax Flakes, ground oats 
and Schumacher Feed. The proportion of each grain in the mixture 
was changed a good many times during the period for variety's sake. 
About % pint of molasses was mixed with each feed of grain. 
Soaked dried beet pulp was also fedl for a considerable time during 
her test. Roots were given her also and silage during the first 
months of her work. Clover hay and soiling crops, when the latter 
wer-e available, was the bulky roughage fed her. 

The record of the year's test was 20280.6 lb. milk, 891.58 lb. 
butter fat, and live weight increased to 1,750 lb. Mr. Grout, who 
is secretary of the Minnesota Guernsey Breeders' Association says: 
"The remarkable part of Beauty's record lies in the fact that Beauty 
is not a dairy type c6w. She certainly has dairy qiialities, but her 
type is that of a beef animal with great mammary development. 
In other words, she has both milk and beef form. Another fact that 
should be mentioned in connection with Beauty's record is that she 
carried a calf during the last four and a half months of her year." 
He has kindly provided me with Beauty's ration for the year: 

5 tons of grain at $29 per ton ' \ . . $145.00 

3,650 lbs. of hay at $8 per ton 14.00 

3,529 lbs. silage at $3 per ton 5.00 

1,166 lbs. roots at .005 per lb 5.50 

546 lbs. beet pulp at $20 per ton 5.47 

91 gal. molasses at .18 per gal 16.42 

Total cost of food $191.39 

Beauty produced: — 

1,065 lbs. of butter at .40 $426.00 

445 gal. butter milk at .30 133.00 

Actual returns at the pail, without counting skim milk [which 

may fairly set against the grass feed] $559.00 



62 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

TO MAKE THE MOST OF A COW 

This was the heading given to a contribution of mine which ap- 
peared in the "Live Stock Journal," when Wisconsin Bulletin No. 
96, thanks to Mr. J. W. Martin, was available. The British Dairy 
Farmers' Association, when subsequently visiting Denmark, saw Dr. 
Hezelmund's system being practiced, but there has been no general 
knowledge of it made available. The owner of a dual-purpose cow 
may yet find his advantage in a knowledge of the method as set 
forth by Mr. F. W. Woll. As chemist at the Experimental Station, 
he visited Denmark in 1901 to glean all that was to be known, and 
on his return aided in giving it a full trial. Here is what he says 
of it:— 

THE METHOD 

The new method of milking consists in following up ordinary 
rapid and thorough milking by a set of manipulations of the udder 
which bring down the last traces of milk contained therein. By a 
few manipulations of the udder this residual milk may readily be 
brought down in a couple of minutes' times, and more milk will, 
as a rule, be obtained in this way than is possible by the ordinary 
stripping method. Since the milk thus secured is very rich, being 
of the same character and composition as "strippings," the amount 
of additional butter fat obtained is considerably greater than might 
be supposed from the quantity of milk brought down. So much for 
the result. How is it obtained, and what are the "manipulations?'" 

THE THREE MANIPULATIONS 

First Manipulation — The right quarters of the udder are pressed 
against each other with the left hand on the hind quarter, and the 
right hand in front on the foreciuarter, the thumb? being placed on 
the outside of the udder, and the four fingers in the division between 
the two halves of the udder. The hands are now pressed toward 
each other, and at the same time lifted toward the body of the cow. 
This pressing and lifting is repeated three times, the milk collected 
in the milk cistern is then milked out, and the manipulation repeated 
until no more milk is obtained in this way, when the left quarters 
are treated in the same manner. If the udder is very large only 
one quarter at a time is taken. 

Second Manipulation — The glands are pressed together from the 
side. The forequarters are milked each by itself by placing one 
hand, with fingers spread, on the outside of the cjuarter and the 
other hand in the division between the right and left forequarters. 
The hands are pressed against each other, and the teat then milked. 
When no more milk is obtained by this one manipulation, the hind- 
ciuarters are milked by placing a hand on the outside of each quarter, 
with fingers spread and turned upward, but with the thumb just in 
front of the hindquarters. The hands are lifted and grasp into the 
gland fi'om behind and from the side, after which they are lowered 
to draw the milk. The manipulation is repeated until no more milk 
is obtained. 

Third Manipulation — The fore teats are grasped with pai'tly 
closed hands and lifted with a push towards the body of the cow, 
both at the same time, by which method the glands are pressed be- 
tween the hands and the body. The milk is drawn after each of the 
three pushes. When the fore teats are emptied, the hind teats are 
milked in the same manner. 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 63 

In the University herd 24 cows being tested the average daily 
milk yield was thus increased by 4.5 per cent, and the butter fat by 
9.2 per cent, the trial time being five weeks. The average daily 
gain in milk was 1 lb., and of butter fat .09 lb. per head. In the 12 
Wisconsin farm and dairy herds the daily average increase of milk 
yield was 1.08 lbs. and .1 lb. of butter fat. 

BEEF-MAKING INHEPJTANCE 

The development of the beef-making inheritance of Red Polled 
cattle since its first demonstration at Holkham, in 1812, is made 
plain by the live weights of steers and heifers competing at the an- 
nual November and December competitions; by the percentages of 
gain in live weight of steers from the "under 2-yr.-old" to the "under 
3-yr.-old" competing stage; and by the many published statements 
of carcase weight of animals when sold by public auction. 

A photograph of the cow 310 Lily — N2, taken at Elmham in 
1875, when fhe was 20 years' old, was given me by Mr. Fulcher just 
before she Avas sold to Mr. Lofft and taken to Troston. It is 
now among the Norwich Public Library Photographic Sui^vey Rec- 
ords of Norfolk and Noi*wdch. Her last calf was born at Troston 
in April, 1876. She was a daughter of 342 Minnie — N2, which cow 
was sired by Necton Prize Bull 120 (winner at the Norwich R. A. 
S. E. Show). She was born in 1854, and gave birth to her last calf 
in March, 1873. The daughter Lily had through her sire a mixture 
of Suffolk and the Reeve Red Polled blood, but the old-time Necton 
blood was so strong in her that it was "like mother, like daughter," 
and that gives to this photograph a uniciue value. At the opening 
display of Local Record Photographs, on December 1st, 1913, was 
also shown a photograph, taken in August, 1882, of the third in 
descent from Lily, 1463 Dolly — N2, born 3d of November, 1879, and 
a frequent Royal and County winner from 1881, closing her honors 
list by first place in a class of 30 cows and the championship, every 
one of which was honored, at the Norwich R. A. S. E. in July, 1886. 
The portrait was reproduced in the "Live Stock Journal Almanac" 
of 1883. Also in the 1883 issue of the Herd Book, and in 1885, in 
the "United States Consular Reports on Cattle." The contrast In 
form and development of flesh as seen in the two photographs is 
very great, the outline of Dolly being that of a fully developed heifer 
of the ideal that appealed to Bakewell, Charles Collins, and Thomas 
Booth, which became the fashion, and is yet stoutly upheld by a 
large proportion of Shorthorn breeders and owners. In the group 
of Red Polls just mentioned there are yet two other portraits show- 
ing similar development — the bull Davyson 3d, 48 (of the HI Family 
the original photograph, taken on March 19th, 1881, when the bull 
was 7 yr., 7 m. old, was the frontispiece of the 1883 issue of the 
Herd Book), and 1855 Silent Lady — 09, photographed when she was 
1 yr., 8 m. old. As further testimony of the progress made in the 
details so precisely specified as the evidence of merit, we quote the 
Official Reporter of the 1886 R. A. S. E. Show at Noi-wich:— 

The most sanguine of East Anglians could not for a moment have imas^'ined 
that so grand a collection of Red Polls could have been possible. The improvement 
made during the past few years in the style, substance and quality of the animals, 
as well as the advance towards uniformity of type, is within measurable of the mar- 
velous. No stronger proof of this can be desired or given than is to be found in 
the fact that the Judges (all three of whom are keen men of business and thor- 
oughly practical) commended in its entirety the Class of Cows with its thirty en- 
tries. Such an event as this is almost unknown, and but very seldom deserved. 



64 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

The sire of 1463 Dolly— N2 (above named) was Rufus 188. He 
was also sire of Dolly's dam, 1084 Polly — N2, gr.-sire of 1855 Silent 
Lass— 05, of 2495 Rosalie— K17, of 2773 Easton Rose— P3, and of 
2976 Midsummer Rose — K17, all of which were in the honors list 
above mentioned. Rufus' dam, 600 Thursford Rose — P3, was sired 
by Norfolk Duke 127. Through the sire, The Palmer 138, which 
was of A3 Family named in the Milk Records, Rufus got a dash of 
Suifolk blood, so that his breed analysis reads: N. 512.5, S. 34.37, 
RP. 453. In 1883 a 33^2 months' steer of his get, dam 1900— T4, 
weighed 1,625 lb., carcase (fore and hindquarters) 1,018 lb. 1715 
Olivia, 1st prize and reserve for the plate, age 34 months, 1,664 lb., 
carcase 1,214 lb. In 1884, 20 months' steer, d. 1343 Brown— P2, 
breed cup winner, 1,697 lb. In 1884, 343 Minnie 3d— N2, age 13 
yr., 4 m., sired by the same bull as The Palmer 138, 2,103 lb. She 
had gained 3 lb. per day after being shown at Norwich. In 1885, 
1674 Minnie 6th — N2, age 7 yr., 4 m. (sire of the N2 family), 1st 
in class, cup as best Red Polled, 2,181 lb. 1569 Hetty— PI," age 7 
yr., 11 m., s. Rufus, 1,891 lb. Steers bv Roundhead 564 — son of 
Rufus' Cromwell 647, whose dam 1463 Dolly: (d. 1896 Tipple- T4), 
191/2 m. 1,000 lb., 31^2 m. 1,636 lb., gain 636 lb., 63.33 per cent; 
34 m. steer (d. 118), 1,686 lb.. 31 m. steer (d. 3469 V9) 1,322 lb. 

Norfolk Duke 127, born June 27th, 1865, was one of the Red 
Polled bought of N. Powell by B. Brovvn, and sired a goodly number 
of bull and cow calves until he had passed his 15th year. The Jean 
Du Luth Farm catalogue of its Red Polls, issued early in August, 
1916, in its form the finest bit of work yet produced, with 20 page- 
photo portraits, besides photos of the heads of others — in its extended 
pedigree pages makes a note of the number of times the name Nor- 
folk Duke 127 occurs in a complete extended pedigree. The note 
appended to that of [31725] Jean Du Luth Beauty — W2, the record 
cow of the Red Polls, reads. — 

To the student in breeding it is of interest to know tliat this cow. with her 
wondei'ful constitution, traces 96 times to Norfolk Duke, "I'l times to Tenant F'arm- 
er, 13 times to Red Jacket, and i:J times to Hero of Newcastle, all of which were 
great prize winners in England. 

Powell 143, Royal Duke 181, Strawberrv Duke 210, Young Duke 
234, Duke of Norfolk 295, Norfolk 381, Sir Thomas 420, Bergamot 
455, Favorite 492, Philip 538, were sires that carried on the renowned 
bull's merits to another generation, while Tenant Farmer 213 trans- 
mitted the combination of Powell and Pond blood in the early days 
of registration. Thus early was the dual purpose ideal maintained, 
and the early steps taken in a progressive milk and beef inheritance. 

Davyson 3d 48, a bull of the HI Family, of whom mention has 
been made, inherited through its dam 169 Davy 7th — HI, by Young 
Duke 234, the blood of both Norfolk Duke and Tenant Farmer. As 
Davyson 3d's sire was a combination of HI and H2 blood, its Breed 
Analysis reads: N. 575, RP. 425. He was bought at public auction 
when 7-yr.-old for 205 guineas for the founding of the Didlington 
Hall Herd, and two years later his live weight was returned to me 
at 2,093 lb. A 29 months steer of his get weighed 1,676 lb. Another, 
put up to fatten, at 18% m. weighed 1,388 lb., at 28^^ m. 1,750 lb. 

lago 1025, dam 1855 Silent Lady — 09, daughter of Rufus, and 
gr.-son of Rufus through Othello 713, whose dam was of K17 family, 
was much used in Mr. Colman's herd, and fully maintained the repu- 
tation of Rufus. He was the sire of 5367 Coronet 2d. One of his 
sons, out of an E2 cow, weighed, at "ZIM m., 990 lb., at 33% m. 1,471 
lb., gain 48.48 per cent. Another, out of an R2 cow, weighed 1,368 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 65 

lb. at 26% m. A 40^4 m. heifer, out of an El?> cow, 1,288 lb. lag-o's 
Breed Analysis: N. 368.75, S. 117.17, RP. 514.08. 

Falstaff 303, dam 891 Fanny Bradfield — All, was a son of Rufus. 
His influence was most widespread. A steer got by him weighed 
1,952 lb. at 41 ¥2 m. His son. Lancer 689, dam a Pond cow, sired a 
steer at 34 m., weighed 1,842 lb., the produce of a Davy cow. A 7 
yr., 5 m. 1 Norf cow of his weighed 1,903 lb. One of Falstaff 's sons. 
Laureate 1563, did good service in Australia. Others Ol his sons 
won a good reputation both for the milk and beef inheritance in Eng- 
land and in the United States. Falstafi"'s Breed Analysis: N. 731.25, 
S. 42.18, RP. 226.56. 

A grandson of Falstaff, through Bardolph 977, which had 09 
blood through his dam, was Starlight 2531. His dam, 1355 Buxom 
— K19, was got by Davyson 3d 48. Starlight was put to 2213 Gleaner 
— V9, which, in 1894, gave 14,184 lb. milk in 365 days, giving birth 
to her 11th and last calf on November 14th, 1893, so that her total 
yield after that birth greatly exceeded the record just named. On 
January 3d, 1892, she gave birth to twins — a bull and a heifer — 
Harvester 3131 and 7896 Golden Grain. In November, 1892, being 
then 21% m. old Harvester competed at the Norwich Fat Cattle 
Show; his live weight was 1,238 lb. In 1894 both competed. Har- 
vester then weighed 1,735 lb., gain 476 lb., being 40.14 per cent 
for the year. He won first prize and the cup, and was also first at 
the Smithfield Club Show. A year later his live weight was 2,153 
lb., gain 421 lb.; 2 years' total gain 918 lb., 74.14 per cent on his 
first competition. Golden Grain had also been fatted, and at 33 1,4 
months weighed 1,452 lb. She was first and the reserve for the cup 
both at Noi-wich and London. Gleaner's sire was Lord George 520, 
a son of Norfolk Duke 127, with E2 blood through his dam and her 
dam, the get of a bull which combined both Eaton and [Necton] 
Minnie — N2 blood. Another heifer of Starlight's get, 6215 Bride 
Elect, which combined Al, 19, and W3 blood, when 34 months old 
weighed 1,508 lb. 

The Milk Records of W14 Family credited 2037 Bracelet, with- 
3d c.-9,283 lb (323). Her 4475 Brace, by Falstaft', gave-lst c- 
4,529% lb. (282), and 2d c. 4,199 lb. for the latter half of the year, 
when she was transferred to Mr. Colman's herd, where to a gr.-son 
of lago she bred 9169 Buckle. This heifer was shown at Norwich 
when 30 m., 20 d. She won 1st; at the Smithfield Club Show 2d and 
the resei"ve for the breed cup; her weight 1,629 lb., and the firm 
which slaughtered her reported as being "without exception the very 
best heifer we have seen or killed." Two years after, Brace's 10946 
Armlet, which was sired by Red Prince 2902, when 30 m. old won 2d 
honors, live weight 1,672 lb. 

13762 Linda 3d — P4 affords a most complete illu.stration of the 
dual-purpose in Red Polled cattle. Her milk record has been set 
out in a previous page. Her dam, 5650 Linda — P4, was sired by 
lago 1025. She, like her dam, 4187 Lydia — P4, was a steady milker, 
with results ranging from 4,600 lb. to 7,297 lb. during a long course 
of years at Whitlingham. Lydia's sire was Lord George 520, son of 
Norfolk Duke, so there was a good inheritance of the beef-making 
quality. Linda 3d's sire. Planet 4579, was a son of Erebus 841, which 
was sired by Falstaff 303 out of a choice L3 cow, and did good sei'vice 
in the Necton herd. Planet's dam, 5052 Peach — Pi, was sired by 
Ferdinand, of the P3 line, at Marham, and her gr.-sire was Norfolk 
Duke. Both PI and P3 stock were so bred as to win high renown 
for the Marham herd as the home of grand dual-purpose cattle. 



66 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

Linda 3d's 17879 Acton Dairymaid, County and Royal prize winner, 
1st and cup winner at Norwich, Smithfield and Ipswich Fat Stock 
Shows, weighed 1,842 lb., and was sold for 34 pounds. A steer of 
Linda's, at 19^4 ni. weighed 1,263 lb., at 31i-2 m. weighed 1,786 lb., 
gain 523 lb., 41.409 per cent. In carcase competition in 1905, a 18 
m. steer, live weight 1,009 lb., carcase 640 lb.; a 25 m., reserve hon- 
ors, 1,153 lb., carcase 743 lb. 

The Palmer 138's Brundish Prince 462 has a record of a steer 
(d. 5296— R9). at 23 m. 1,320 lb.; 35 m. 1,820 lb.; gain 500 lb., 37.38 
per cent. Davyson 3d 48's 28 m. steer (d, K19), 1,676 lb. Through 
King Charles 329 the sire of 2536 Silent Beauty — 09, and himself 
from K19 dam, Davyson 3d's gr.-son, Don Carlos 659 (d. 1023 Miss 
Atkins — K17), was also represented at Fat Stock Shows, 20^,2 m. 
steer, 1,158 lb., 32iL> m. 1,648 lb., 44il> m. 1,964 lb., gain 806 lb., 
69.6 per cent; 44 m. steer (d. 119), 1,944 lb.; 22'^ m. steer (4764 Annie 
—Ell), 1,203 lb.; 30 m. heifer (d. 118), 1,384 lb.; steer (d. 4764 Ell) 
2211. m., 1,208 lb., 34 1^ m., 1,655 lb.; gain 447 lb., 37 per cent. (Smith- 
field Club Cup winner). 

Red Prince 2902 — son of Laureate 1563 above noted, dam 5077 
Prize — Tl — for the most part passed on his inheritance through sons 
and gr.-sons which wei'e in high 1-epute as sires for both milk and 
beef. Among these wei'e a gr.-son, Rubv Prince 4131 (d. 6759 09). 
Sons: Crown Prince 4319 (d^ 9448 T21),' Corporal 4313— exported to 
America, as already noted — (d. 5367 Coronet 2d), The Prince 4587 
(d. 7553 Rll). Red Prince 2d 4607 (d. 997 V2). Redmond 5147 (d. 
8377 Brunhilda — P3, exported to America), Champion 5370 (full 
brother of Corporal 4313), Crown Diamond 6104 (another full brother 
of Corporal). Red Lord 5820 (d. 6585 P3). After Mr. J. J. Colman's 
death the Easton Lodge Farm herd of Red Polled cattle was sold 
in March, 1899. Nineteen of the twenty-five animals bred there were 
sired by Red Prince — which renowned bull died at Whitlingham a 
fortnight before the day of the sale. Their average was close on 
80 pounds. 6308 Dorena — N2, which, with four of her d -ascendants 
realized at the sale 1,285 guineas, gave birth to a calf sired by Red 
Prince; Steered at 18 m., it weighed 1,398 lb.; at the next year's 
Smithfield Club Show, when he won the breed cup, his live weight 
was 1,880 lb.; gain 582 lb., 44.83 per cent. At the same time a 30^/^ 
m. heifer, also from the Easton herd, and a Royal winner, weighed 
1.660 lb. 

Breed Analyses: Red Prince, N. 583.00, S. 45.69. RP. 371.28. 
Redmond, N. 551.65, S. 68.35, RP. 379.97. Brunhilda, N. 520.31, S. 
91.01, RP. 388.67. Corporal, N. 530.56, S. 61.12, RP. 408.29. Red 
Lord 5820, N. 576.26. S. 46.18, RP. 383.78. His Red Knight 7583. N. 
537.12, S. 102.86, RP. 359.99:— d. 12638 N4, N. 497.99, S. 159.54, RP. 
34243. Red Prince's Buffalo Bill 5349, N. 369.02, S. 394.72, RP. 
235.64:— d. 2013 W3. N. 106.25. S. 743.75, RP. 100: gr.-son. Red 
Duke 8623, N. 531.84. S. 150.67, RP. 317.45:— d. 9491 W2, N. 452.53, 
S. 243.59, RP. 303.85. 



The Breed Analysis of some of the several other bulls which 
sired cows that made a good record and steers which fed economic- 
ally will be desirable for students of heredity: — 

Donald 291, N. 675, S. 218.75, RP. 156.25; his dam, 177 A4, N. 
525, S. 368.75, RP. 106.25; his son. Stout 581, N. 375, S. 571.87, RP. 
53.12; d. 935 U3, N. 75, S. 925. 

Stout's Rinaldo 556, N. 481.25, S. 465.62, RP. 53.12; d. 1336 19, 
N.587.5, S, 359.37, RP. 53.12. Rinaldo's gr.-son, Gordon 1842,, N. 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 67 

477.73, S. 447.16, RP. 7509; d. 3411 Al, N. 433.59, S. 536.52 RP. 29.88. 

Didlington Dawson 2d 657. N. 592.96, S. 30.41, RP. 376.56; his 
d., 1448 HI, N. 621.87. S. 4062, RP. 337.5. 

Abbot 2d 2576 (gr.-son of Cromwell), N. 461.93, S. 224.84, RP. 
313.21; d. 473 W3, N. 400.39, S. 400.48, RP. 199.12. 

Paribus 3625, N. 642.96, S. 100.97, RP. 256.05; d. 4340 L12, N. 
635.95, S. 116.79, RP. 247.26. 

Othello's gr.-son, Majiolini 3600, N. 601.94, S. 38.08, RP. 359.95; 
his. d., 6518 L9, N. 785.93, S. 34.76, RP. 179.29. His son, Magician 
5021, N. 630.14, S. 87.66, RP. 282.18; d. 9562 N4, N. 658.34, S. 137.24, 
RP. 204.40; and his gr.-son, Marmion 5674, N. 555.25, S. 94.70, RP. 
350.01; d. 9833 P3, N. 508.57, S. 151.33, RP. 340.07. 

Emperor 3483, N. 614.74, S. 124.57, RP. 260.66; his d., 3988 N6, 
N. 579.49, S. 164.0, RP. 256.49. 

Suffolk Baronet .583, N. 193.75, S. 556.25, RP. 250; his d., 393 
05, N. 100, S. 800. RP. 100. His g.-gr.-son, Randolph 1603, N. 332.42, 
S. 479.78, RP. 187.79; d. 3755 U6, N. 437.5, S. 500, RP. 62.5. 

Monk 1573, N. 548.14, S. 65.77, RP. 386.05; his dam, 3617 K19, 
N. 550.19, S. 118.47, RP. 331.28. Monk's son, Minotaur 2839, N. 
645.94, S. 41.47, RP. 312.55; his dam, 3013 N5, N. 743.75, S. 17.18, 
RP. 239.06. Minotaur's sons, Starston Remus 4158 and Starston 
Romulus 4159 (twins), N. 567.30, S. 130.64, RP. 302.02; their d., 
6222 K19, N. 488.67, S. 219.81, RP. 291.50. 

Lord Kitchener 7316, N. 864.84, S. 5.27. RP. 129.83; d. 2381 2 
Norf., N. 1,000. 

Comelv Roger 3856, N. 303.45. S. 553.98, RP. 142.53; d. 6258 
VI, N. 355.21, S. 446.71, RP. 198.04. 

Samson 4647, N. 238.67, S. 615.33, RP. 145.97; d. 8244 2 Suff., 
N. 208.34, S. 663.02, RP. 128.63. 



Proctor Knott [12092], N. 490.27, S. 95.10. RP. 414.59; d. 8858 
Ell, N. 449.99. S. 129.09, RP. 420.89. 8858 Ell's sire, Hesperus 1394, 
N. 460.93, S. 59.76, RP. 479.29: d. 2342 Pi. N. 446.87, S. 2577, RP. 
527.34. 

Select Man 2049, N. 536.50, S. 142.91, RP. 320.55; his d., 4826 
1 Norf.. N. 621.87, S. 279.29, RP. 98.82; his son, Morgan 5724, N. 
592.56, S. 170.64, RP. 236.76; d. 8063 K23, N. 563.27, S. 214.74, RP. 
221.96; Rufus' gr.-son, Francillo 669, gr.-sire of 8063— K23, N. 590.62, 
S. 44.52, RP. 364.84; d. 1506 A9, N. 750, S. 71.87, RP. 178.12. Fran- 
cillo's gr.-son, Minnesota Chief 2430, N. 326.55, S. 416.59, RP. 256.83; 
d. 3008 V2, N. 231.24, S. 503.12, RP. 265.62. 

Cresco David [13445], N. 501.29, S. 177.63, RP. 321.03. His d. 
[18104] T4, N. 449.88, S. 211.35, RP. 338.74. 

Nailer 7396, N. 564.69, S. 156.30, RP. 278.96: d. 11904 1 Norf., 
N. 627.63. S. 194.11, RP. 178.19. His Dafter [15871] N. 486.79, S. 
284.81, RP. 228.34; d. [23509] B7, N. 408.90, S. 413.33, RP. 177.72. 



The following are later records of gain in weight by a second 
year of feeding: Steer 2,180 lb., gain 536 lb., 32.59 per cent; 31 m. steer, 
2,251 lb., gain 489 lb., 45.70 per cent; 33 m. steer, 1536 lb., gain 480 lb., 
43.01 per cent; 31% m. steer, 1,694 lb., gain 601 lb., 53.78 per cent; 35 
m., 9 d. steer, 2,484 lb.; 30 m. steer, 1,632 lb., gain 434 lb., 36.22 per 
cent; steer 1824 lb., gain 388 lb., 27 per cent; steer 1,662 lb., gain 
458 lb., 38.36 per cent; 35 m. steer, 1,683 lb., gain 340 lb., 26.2 per 
cent; 21% m. steer, 1,344 lb.; 35 m. 4 d. steer, 1,732 lb,, gain 390 lb., 



68 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 

28.31 per cent; 35 m. 2d., 1,807 lb., gain 492 lb., 37.41 per cent; 33% 
m. steer (d. 19438 7 Suff. by Red Lord 5820), 1,791 lb., gain 464 lb., 
34.95 per cent; 34 m. 2 d. steer (cup winner London Show, d. 19669 
HI), 1,842 lb., gain 499 lb., 37 per cent; 31 Vs m. steer (d. 21088 
Charming Davy 6th— HI), 1,805 lb., 365 lb., 25.35 per cent; 31% 
m. steer (d. 21096 Charming Davy 8th— HI), 1,664 lb., gain 448 lb., 
36.18 per cent; 31^4 m. steer (d. 21167 Fedora — P3), 1,492 lb., gain 
362 lb., 32 per cent; 34 m. steer (d. 22219 Perfume — Pi), 1,736 lb., 
gain 364 lb., 26.53 per cent; 34^/4 m. steer (d. 21610 Crackle— 01) 
1,620 lb., gain 366 lb., 29.18 per cent; 35 m. steer (d. 21971 Ashlyns 
Polly — Ell), 1,736 lb., gain 504 lb., 40.9 per cent; 34^/4 m. steer 
(204*73 Pansy — PI), 1,856 lb., gain 432 lb., 40 per cent; 30^/2 m. steer 
(winner Norwich special, d. 19975 Pretty Flower 3d— 7 Suff.), 1,517 
lb., gain 513 lb., 50 per cent; 34^/4 m. steer (d. 21525 Ashi^ioor 
Belle— W3), 1,496 lb., gain 412 lb., gain 38 per cent. 

A few records of weights of heifers at Christmas Shows from 
1910 may also be quoted: — 34^/4 m. heifer (cup winner in 1910 d. 
19976— 7* Suff.), 1,752 lb; 28% m. (d. 20130 7 Suff., both heifers by 
Red Lord 3820), 1,763 lb.; 32% m. (d. 19218 V9), 1,637 lb.; 34% m., 
1,518 lb.; 32 m., 1,644 lb.; 22% m. (d. 20444 T18) 1,257 lb.; 33m. 
(d. 1928 V9), 1,574 lb.; 33m. (d. 21138 HI), 1,495 lb.; 28 V2 m. (d. 
21891 W3), 1,736 lb); 31 m. (d. 22188 W3). 1,610 lb.; 33^2 m. (d. 
22904 A4), 1,736 lb.; 34% m. (d. 22901 A4), 1,406 lb.; 33% m. (d. 
19334 2 Norf.), 1,272 lb. 

It is worth noting that since the 1909 Norwich Show, when there 
were 12 young steers competing averaging 1,231 lb., the entries have 
been much fewer. This circumstance strengthens the statement made 
to me before that year that purveyors in the London area and in 
other populous centers had intimated to breeders of the Red Polled 
their wish to secure the fatted young stock regularly, by letter, or, 
if so desired, by sending an agent to buy. 



In slaughter tests at the Chicago International Exposition dur- 
ing seven years: Of 2-yr.-old steers. Red Polled have recorded, year 
by year: 1,960 lb., dressed weight 1,165 lb. percentage 59.3, fat 17 
lb.; 1,660 lb., 1,148 lb., 69.2 per cent, 57 lb.; 1,632 lb., 1,087 lb., 66.6 
per cent; 1,510 lb., 974 lb., 64.5 per cent; 1.550 lb., 1,065 lb., 68.71 
per cent; price per lb. IQii-c.; 1,-545 lb., 1,002 lb., 64.85 per cent; IOV2C. 
per lb. (Both these steers were sired bv Nailer 7396. Breed Analy- 
sis: N. 564.69, S. 156.30, RP. 278.96). 1,610 lb.. 1,050 lb., 65.2 per cent, 
1114c. per lb.; 1,624 lb., 1,071 lb., 65.9 per cent, lie per lb. 1,576 lb., 
1,013 lb., 64.21 per cent, lie per lb. 1,576 lb., 1,013 lb., 64.21 per 
cent, 9%c. per lb. 1,280 lb., 840 lb., 65.6 per cent, 12c. per lb.; 34 m. 
heifer, 1,370 lb., 887 lb., 64.7 per cent, lie. per lb. 1,510 lb., 934 lb., 
61.85 per cent, 14c per lb.; 1,576 lb., 958 lb., 61.41 per cent, 13c 
per lb. For compai'ative purposes the highest results of Shorthorns 
are noted: 1,360 lb., 796 lb., 58.5 per cent; 1,465 lb., 1,002 lb., 68.39 
per cent, 9V2C. per lb.; 1,404 lb., 889 lb., 6361 per cent, 9%c. per lb.; 
1,254 lb., 787 lb., 62.76 per cent, lie. per lb. Of yearling Red Polled: 
1,430 lb., 945 lb., 66.8 per cent, 48 lb. fat; 1,350 lb., 874 lb., 64.7 per 
cent, 34 lb. fat; 1,324 lb., 833 lb., 62.9 per cent— this and the next 
steer were also sired by Nailer — 1,280 lb., 827 lb., 64.78 per cent. 

THE PURVEYORS 

From the foundation of the Suffolk Fat Cattle Club Messrs. 
Robert Bond and Sons — members of which fii-m have undertaken the 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 69 

secretarial duties — have, on the second day of the December Show, 
offered much of the stock for sale by public auction. A condition 
of the sale for more than 25 years has required the purchaser to re- 
port to the secretary the weight of the dressed carcase, and with 
this detail available there has accumulated in the annual repoits 
much valuable material expressive of the butchers' point of view. 
The following notes give the highest prices per stone of 14 lb. of 
dressed carcase: 

1906 Sale: Red Polled 15 m. steer, live weight 1,255 lb., carcase 
746 lb., 53.78 per cent, 9- per st.; 23 m., 1,430 lb., 822 lb., 56.86 per 
cent, 9-IOV2 per st. Shorthorn, 20 m., 1,164 lb., 696 lb., 59.79 per 
cent, 9-101/2 per st.; prize pair, 1,428 lb., 878 lb., 61.48 per cent, 9- 
6% per St., and 1,357 lb., 826 lb., 60.86 per cent, 9-5% per st.; 33 m., 
1,748 lb., 1,132 lb., 64.75 per cent 8-7 V2 per st. Scot, 1,434 lb., 906 
lb., 62.74 per cent, 9-3 1/4 per st.; 22m., 1,240 lb., 806 lb., 64.36 per 
cent, 9-21/2 per st. Cross-bred, 14V2 m., 1,072 lb., 650 lb., 60.63 per 
cent, 10-11/2 per st. 35 m. Angus-Shorthorn, 1,690 lb., 1,042 lb., 
65.29 per cent, 9-3 per st. 

1908 Sale: Red Polled 21 m. heifer, 1,161 lb., 906 lb., 58.82 per 
cent, 10-2% per st.; 23 m. 17 d. heifer, 1,265 lb., 738 lb., 58.33 per 
cent, 10-2% per st.; 23i4 m. steer, 1,334 lb., 790 lb., 59.62 per cent, 
10-1 per St.; 13 head sold — lowest price per st., 8-8. Shorthorn, 23 
m. steer, 1,524 lb., 939 lb., 61.61 per cent, 9-10 per st.; 24% m., 1,624 
lb., 981 lb., 60.40 per cent, 9-3% per st.; 31 m., 1,629 lb., 57.94 per 
cent, 9-5% per st.; 14 head sold — lowest price per st., 8-1%. Short- 
horn-Angus, 21 m., 4 d., heifer, 1,215 lb., 790 lb., 65.02 per cent, 
9-8 1/2 per st.; 35 m. blue grey heifer, 1,652 lb., 1,116 lb., 71.81 per 
cent, 7-71/4 per st. 

At the 1909 sale there were 10 Red Polled, a steer and 3 heifers 
from registered stock. The 22m. heifer weighed 1.620 lb., carcase 
572 lb., 64.33 per cent, 10-1% per st. The other heifers-: 30% m., 
1,342 lb., 868 lb., 64.20 per cent, 9-6% per st.; 38 m., 1,605 lb., 1,076 
lb., 67.04 per cent, 8-7 per stone. The steer, 35 m., 1,792 lb., 1,138 
lb., 64.06 per cent, 9-4 1/2 per st. Another steer, "under 2 yrs.," 1,076 
lb., 642 lb., 59.66 per cent, 10-0 1/4 per st. Lowest price of steers, 
9-0%. Of 10 steers and 2 heifers. Shorthorn, 22 m. steer cup winner, 
1,220 lb., 786 lb., 64.42 per cent, 10-3% per st. Two others same age 
realized respectively 10-71/2 and 9-11%, while two 16 m. old made 10- 
and 9-51/2. Of the 34 m. heifers, one had a percentage 64.15, and 
realized 8-6% per st., the other 64.70, and realized 8-4%. Two 
"Black Polled Scot" steers were sold: 35% m., 1,788 lb., 1,081 lb., 
60.45 per cent, 10-8% per st.; the other, 39 m., 1,548 lb., 944 lb., 
60.90 per cent, 10-4 1/2 per st. Three Aberdeen-Angus, weighing from 
1,549 lb. to 1,576 lb., carcase 1,032 lb. to 1,016 lb., realized from 
8-111/^ to 8-8 per st. A Hereford 20 m. heifer gave 65.05 per cent, 
and realized 9-9 per stone. P^rom 10-21/2 to 9-10% were the price per 
st. realized by young blue grevs. 

In 1910 Red Polled realized from 9-10% to 7-10% per st. Short- 
horns from 9-8 to 7-7 1/2 per st. Black Polled 8-9% and 8-4% per st., 
by 3-yr.-old steers. Angus-Shorthorn steers, 26 m., 10-0% and 9-8 
per stone. 

At the 1912 sale all the 12 Red Polled were from registered 
stock. 181/2 m. steer, 1,034 lb., 616 lb., 59.45 per cent, 11-1 1^ per 
St.; 18% m., 60.43 per cent, 10-7i^ per st.; 221/2 m., 58.78 per cent, 
10-10% per St.; 221/2 m., 62.77 per cent. 10-21/2 per st.; lowest price 
given, for a 30% m. steer, 64.62 per cent, 8-7 1/2 per st. Three heif- 
ers' percentages, ranging from 68.15 to 58.63, realized from 9-7 by 



70 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



a 19-m. old, to 8-6% bv a 32 m. old. Only 4 Shorthorn sold: highest 
realized 10-0% per st.' A 23 m. Dexter, 10-4 Vo per st. Of 7 Scots, 
a 19V2 m. steer realized 10-5, a 36% m. heifer 10- per St.; the others 
from 9-6% to 9-1^'^ per st. A 19% m. cross-bred heifer realized 
10-7% per St., a 20% m. steer 10-5%. 

Prices at the 1914 sale ruled high. Of 13 Red Polled, a 21% 
m. steer, which gave percentage 63.31, the carcase realized ll-SVs 
per St., a steer 11-6%, the remaining 11 from 11-2% to 10- per st. 
Of 6 Shorthorn, a 21 m. steer 11-4V2 per st., the others from 11-0% 
to 9-10. A 21 m. Scot, 10-8%, and a 18 m. old, 10-3%, and an older, 
9-8% per st. Cross-breds — blue-grev polled and Angus-Shorthorn, 
from 11-2% to 9-2% per st. 

The 1915 sale included 11 Red Polled: 21 m. 27 d. heifer cham- 
pion. 1,136 lb., 710 lb., 60.50 per cent, 13-9ii per st. 22H m. steer, 
56.70 per cent, 13-8 V2 per st.; 20^/2 m. 57.97 per cent, 13-6% per st.; 
15 V2 m., 62.60 per cent, 12-9% per st.; 5 12-9 1/2 to 12-1 ^i ; 34% m., 1,308 
lb. heifer, 60.81 per cent, ll-4y2. (All these from registered stock). 
A 21 m. 1,132 lb. cross-bred, 59.71 per cent, made the highest return, 
14-0% per St., while the 35% m. 1,596 lb. champion steer, 65.87 per 
cent, sold at 9-8% per st. The highest priced Shorthorn, 20 m., 
1,172 lb., 60.58 per cent, sold at 13-9i/^ per st. A 35 m. 19 d. Aberdeen- 
Angus, 62.27 per cent, 12-4% per st. The average of 21 beasts under 
2-yr.-old was 12-8 per st.; of 11 under. 3-yr., 10-11%. 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 71 



PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION, 1901 
BUFFALO, N. Y. 



MODEL DAIRY SIX MONTHS' TEST 

Supplementary to the preceding essay, this and another quota- 
tion that follows from an American Experiment Station Bulletin, 
relate to matters of particular interest to the student of Farm Eco- 
nomics. Mention has been made in the essay of a Six Months' Test 
of five cows of each of ten breeds at a Model Dairy, which was a 
unique attraction of the Pan-American Exposition, held at Buffalo, 
N. Y., from May 1st to October 31st, 1901. At the Chicago World's 
Columbian Exposition, held in 1893, there was a Fifteen Days' Cheese 
Test, in which 25 of each of the three breeds — Jersey, Guernsey, 
Shorthorn — took part. The summary gives the following results: — 

25 Jerseys: Live weiKht Kained 327 pounds, value S14.72, milk 12,296.4 pounds, 

cheese 1,451.56 pounds; cost of food $98.14, net profit S119.82. 

25 Guernseys: Weight sained 480 pounds, value .$21.63, milk 10,9:}S.6 pounds, 

cheese 1,130.62 'pounds ; food $76.25, net profit $88.30. 

25 Shorthorns: Weight gained 709 pounds, value $31.91, milk 12.186.9 pounds, 

cheese 1,077.60 pounds; food $99.36, net profit $81.36. 

A lady on the staff of the Buffalo Public Library kindly supplied 
Mr. G. P. Grout with a copy of Red Polled records at the Six Months' 
Test, and Mr. Rabald, Acting Chief of the Dairy Division, Department 
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, kindly sent him photo-copies of 
the pages showing the details of the several breeds, as re-printtd from 
"Hoard's Dairyman" (Vol. 32), and published by the Bureau of Ani- 
mal Industry in 1905 as Bulletin No. 75. The list as published in the 
"Dairyman" showed the records as the cows were placed "in order 
of their profit on estimated butter." The number, 1 to 50, which ap- 
peared in the list, precedes the name of the cow. For the present 
reprint the cows are grouped according to their breed and utility, 
with the live weight at the beginning of the test, weight gained or 
lost during the six months, and the percentage thereof, following 
the name. The grouping is by Dual-Purpose and by Dairy Purpose. 
A report was presented to the Red Polled Cattle Club of America 
on December 4th, 1901, by the Committee of Three — Messrs. J. W. 
Martin and P. G. Henderson, and the Secretary, Mr. J. McLain Smith, 
and in a preceding page the facts and figures relating to the breed 
are quoted. It cjuoted the name, age, and date of last calving — 
which ranged from 42 to 70 days — before the test began. It also 
stated that experienced men, furnished by the various breeders' as- 
sociations, spent months in making selections of representative breeds, 
with the result that the Ayrshire, Jerseys, Holsteins, Shorthorns, and 
French Canadians ["sent by the Canadian Government with one gen- 
eral superintendent, and with each of its different herds a general 
manager, expert in compounding rations, who was appointed by the 
several breed associations represented, as well as an expei'ienced 
feeder or caretaker with each of the five herds"] were said by com- 



72 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



petent authority to be "the finest lot of cattle of these breeds ever 
seen together." The report also said "the feed of each cow was 
weighed out daily and charged at prices fixed by the Exposition au- 
thorities" considerably higher than the average farm value. 

The milk of each cow was weighed at each milking, three times 
a day, and credited to her. A composite sample of the milk was taken, 
and the per cent of fat ascertained every Wednesday by the Babcock. 
By this percentage, combined with the average of the lactometer 
reading, the total solids were determined. 

A churning of the milk from each herd was made one day each 
week, and the week's yield of churned butter determined therefrom. 
Butter was credited at 25 cents per pound on a basis of 85 per cent 
butter fat. Total solids at 9 cents per pound. 

The "Dairyman" statement of results makes no note of the date 
of calving other than by a footnote on five cows: No. 26 "did not 
calve for two weeks after test began;" No. 29 "did not calve till May 
7th;" No. 31 and 45 "arrived 18 days late;" No. 48, "last calf, Octo- 
ber, 1900." No. 40, Tryste, was that cow of the Red Polled lot which 
had given birth to her calf on February 18th, 1901, 70 days before 
the test began. Moreover, she was born on April 15th, 1888, at Whit- 
lingham, near Norwich, and was transferred to America in the au- 
tumn of 1892, so that she did credit to her breed. It is well to note, 
when considering the gain in weight of most of the cows, the con- 
clusion from tests made at the Ivlinnesota Experimental Station from 
January 1st, 1893, as stated by Principal T. L. Haecker in Bulletin 
No. 67* dated April, 1900, that "it requires as much dry matter to 
produce a pound of gain in a cow while giving milk as it does to pro- 
duce a pound of butter fat. . . . The chief factors that deter- 
mine the adaptability of a cow for dairy work appear to be her feed- 
ing capacity, tlie proportion of her food needed for body mainten- 
ance, and the disposition made of the nutrients available for product." 

The following are the several results of the Buffalo Tests: — 

SHORTHORNS 

15. Miss Mollv: 1,075 lb., gain 134 lb., 12.465 per cent, milk 
6,8i)l.l lb., fat 3.71 p. c, butter 301.17 lb., value 75.37 dol.; food 32.36 
dol.; net profit on butter 43.01 dol. 

34. Queen Bess: 1,105 lb., gain 192 lb., 17.375 p. c, milk 6,547.9 
lb., fat 3.57 p. c, butter 275.71 lb., value 68.80 dol.; food 32.49 dol., 
net profit 36.31 dol. 

35. Princpss of Thule: 1,261 lb., gain 132 lb., 10.468 p. c, milk 
5,885.7 lb., fat 3.82 p. c, butter 265.70 lb., value 66.20 dol.; food 32.49 
dol., net profit 33.71 dol. 

41. Rose 3d: 1,105 lb., gain 125 lb., 11.312 p. c, milk 6,192.8 
lb., fat 3.31 p. c. butter 253.35 lb., value 63.31 dol.; food 32.37 dol., 
net profit 30.97 dol. 

44. Daisv D.: 1,161 lb., gain 219 lb., 18.863 p. c, milk 6,054.4 
lb., fat 3.43 p. c. butter 244.74 lb., value 61.18 dol.; food 32.38 dol., 
net profit 28.80 dol. 

RED POLLED 

2. 8025 Mayflower 2d A12: 1,134 !b.. gain 66 lb.. 5.812 p. c, 
milk 6,161.5 lb., fat 4.45, butter 323.15 lb., value 80.79 dol.; food 
28.89 dol., net profit 52.10 dol. 

14. 9011 Susie— U5: 1,187 lb., gain 38 lb., 2,918 p. c, milk 
6,430.1 lb., fat 3.8 p. c, butter 287.50 lb., value 71.87 dol.; food 28.07 
dol., net profit 43.80 dol. 

30. 10202 Easter— P3: 834 lb., gain 99 lb., 11.87 p. c, milk 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



6,058.7 lb., fat 3.7 p. c, butter 263.96, value 65.99 dol.; food 27.83 dol., 
net profit 38.16 dol. 

39. 8538 Flora 2d— X3: 1,068 lb., gain 102 lb., 9.55 p. c, milk 
4628.4 lb., fat 4.29 p. c. butter 233.55 lb., value 58.38 dol.; food 26.28 
dol., net profit 32.11 dol. 

40. 5169 Trvste— T4: 1,036 lb., gain 44 lb., 4,244 p. c, milk 
5,416.2 lb., fat 3.68 p. c, butter 234.97 lb., value .58.74 dol.; food 27.15 
dol., net profit 31.59 dol. 

BROWN SWISS 

19. Belle T.: 1,039, loss 1 lb., milk 5,789.6 lb., fat 4.09 p. c, but- 
ter 278.45 lb., value 69.01 lb.; food 28.38 dol.; net profit 41.23 dol. 

22. Eliza: 1,273 lb., gain 9 lb., .07 p. c. milk 6,407.9 lb., fat 3.8 
p. c, butter 286.89 lb., value 64.30 dol.; food 31.12 dol., net profit 
40.60 dol. 

32. Hope of Minn: 935 lb., gain 83 lb., 8.87 p. c, milk 6,117.0 
lb., fat 3.61 p. c, butter 259.85 lb., value 64.53 dol.; food 26.93 dol., 
net profit 38.02 dol. 

36. Lucv B.: 1,193 lb., gain 81 lb., 10.678 p. c, milk 6,356.2 lb., 
fat 3.45 p. c, butter 258.13 lb., value 64.53 dol.; food 31.01 dol., net 
profit 33.52 dol. 

42. Nicola: 1,208 lb., gain 63 lb., 5.215 p. c, milk 6,220.8 lb., 
fat 3.25 p. c, butter 238.12 lb., value 59.63 dol.; food 29.18 dol., net 
profit 30.35 dol. 

JERSEYS 

4. Primrose Park's Pride: 1,019 lb., gain 24 lb., 2,355 p. c, milk 
4,639.4 lb., fat 5.64 p. c, butter 308.24 lb., value 77.06 dol.; food 26.81 
dol., net profit 50.25 dol. 

7. Queen Mav: 974 lb., gain 42 lb., 4,312 p. c, milk 5,313.1 lb., 
fat 4.74 p. c, butter 298.51 lb., value 71.63 dol.; food 27.17 dol., net 
profit 47.46. 

10. Gipsv: 1,004 lb., loss 7 lb., milk 5,790.3 lb., fat 4.4 p. c. but- 
ter 300.21 lb., value 75.05 dol.; food 30.27 dol.; net profit 44.78. 

12. Mossv of H.: 822 lb., gain 67 lb., 8.15 p. c, milk 5,762.4 lb., 
fat 4.27 p. c, butter 290.01 lb., value 72.53 dol.; food 28.01 dol., net 
profit 44.49 dol. 

29. Roxina: 933 lb., gain 33 lb., 3.536 p. c, milk 5,451.9 lb., fat 
3.98 p. c, butter 256.01 lb., value 64.00 dol.; food 27.12 dol., net profit 
38.52 dol. 

GUERNSEYS 

1. Marv Marshall: 987 lb., gain 61 lb.. 6.18 p. c. milk 5,611.0 lb., 
fat 5.36 p. c, butter 3.54.26 lb., value 88.56 dol.; food 29.16 dol., net 
profit 59.10 dol. 

3. Christophon: 1,019 lb., gain 24 lb., 2,-348 p. c, milk 6,270.1 lb., 
fat 4.26 p. c, butter 315.01 lb., value 77.06 dol.; food 28.40 dol., net 
profit 50.35 dol. 

5. Procris of Paxtang: 839.1 lb., gain 1 lb., milk 5,992.6 lb., fat 
4.43 p. c, butter 313.10 lb., value 78.27 dol.; food 28.78 dol., net profit 
49.49 dol. 

18. Viga: 1,094 lb., gain 76 lb., 6.9469 p. c, milk 5,020.1 lb., 
fat 4.59, butter 271.64 lb., value 67.91 dol.; food 26.16 dol., net profit 
41.75 dol. 

43. Madora: 958 lb., gain 30 lb., 3.111 p. c, milk 4224.8 lb., fat 
4.36 p. c, butter 214.87 lb., value 53.72 dol.; food 24.36 dol., net profit 
29.36 dol. 



74 DUAL PURPOOSE CATTLE 

AYRSHIRE 

8. Betsy 1st: 973 lb., gain 25 lb., 2.569 p. c, niilk 7,041.5 lb., 
fat 3.59 p. c, butter 298.57 lb., value 74.64 dol.; food 28.57 dol., net 
profit 46.07 dol. 

9. Pearl of Woodside: 912 lb., gain 80 lb., 8.711 p. c, milk 
6,730.8 lb., fat 3.74 p. c, butter 296.07 lb., value 74.02 dol.; food 28.56 
dol., net profit 45.46 dol. 

10. Kirstv Wallace: 966 lb., gain 44 lb., 4.554 p. c, milk 6,469.7 
lb., fat 3.83 p. c, butter 292.31 lb., value 73.08 dol.; food 27.74 dol., 
net profit 45.34 dol. 

17. Alice 2d: 1,054 lb., gain 82 lb., 10.7779 p. c, milk 6,127.9 
lb., fat 3.91 p. c, butter 282.15 lb., value 70.54 dol.; food 28.29 dol., 
net profit 42.25 dol. 

28. Ladv Frolic: 1,105 lb., loss 13 lb., milk 6,620.3 lb., fat 3.40 
p. c, butter 265.51 lb., value 66.38 dol.; food 23.60 dol., net profit 
42.89 dol. 

HOLSTEINS 

6. Beauty of Norval: 1,017 lb., gain 64 lb., 6.293 p. c, milk 
8.140.7 lb., fat 3.42 p. c, butter 328.01 lb., value 82 dol., food 32.65 
dol., net profit 49.35 dol. 

13. Huldah Weyne: 989 lb., gain 55 lb., 6,573 p. c, milk 8,010.7 
lb., fat 3.23 p. c, butter 305.79 lb., value 76.45 dol.; food 32.40 dol., 
net profit 44.05 dol. 

20. Tidy Abbekirk: 1,008 lb., gain 101 lb., 10.0198 p. c, milk 

7.659.1 lb., fat 3.28 p. c, butter 296.00 lb., value 71.00 dol.; food 
32.97 dol., net profit 41.03 dol. 

24. Inka Mercedes: 915 lb., gain 72 lb., 7.880 p. c, milk 8,028.3 
lb., fat 3.05 p. c, butter 288.34 lb., value 72.08 dol.; food 32.45 dol., 
net profit 39.63 dol. 

33. Meg: 1,314 lb.; gain 99 lb., 7,534 p. c, milk 7.391.0 lb., fat 
3.25 p. c, butter 282.54 lb., value 70.71 dol.; food 34.11 dol., net profit 
36.60 dol. 

FRENCH CANADIAN 

21. Denise Champienne: 720 lb., gain 64 lb., 8.888 p. c, milk 

5.404.2 lb., fat 4.03 p. c, butter 256.53 lb., value 64.16 dol.; food 
23.52 dol., net profit 40.64 dol. 

22. Rouen: 794 lb., gain 27 lb., 3.526 p. c, milk 4.896.1 lb., fat 
4.46 p. c, butter 257.20 lb., value 64.20 dol.; food 23.68 dol., net profit 
40.26 dol. 

25. Liena Flora: 1,030 lb., gain 63 lb., 8.842 p. c, milk 4,558.0 
lb., fat 3.92 p. c. butter 252.54 lb., value 63.13 dol.; food 23.72 dol., net 
profit 39.41 dol. 

38. Luna: 760 lb., gain 102 lb., 11.342 p. c, milk 5,048.5 lb., fat 
3.79 p. c, butter 225.03 lb., value 56.26 dol.; food 23.52 dol., net profit 
32.74 dol. 

47. La Bouchette: 647 lb., gain 32 lb., 4.945 p. c, milk 3,819.6 
lb., fat 3.67 p. c, butter 166.38 lb., value 41.59 dol.; food 18.65 dol., 
net profit 22.94 dol. 

POLLED JERSEY 

16. Queen: 648 lb., gain 101 lb., 11.558 p. c, milk 4,010.8 lb., 
fat 5.63 p. c, butter 265.98 lb., value 66.19 dol.; food 23.60 dol., net 
profit 42.89 dol. 

26. Ora: 1,013 lb., loss 17 lb., milk 4,804.8 lb., fat 4.40 p. c, but- 
ter 249.36 lb., value 62.34 dol.; food 23.17 dol., net profit 39.17 dol. 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 75 

27. Pride's Favourite: 665 lb., gain 71 lb., 10.676 p. c, milk 

4.569.1 lb., fat 4.60 p. c, butter 217.71 lb., value 61.93 clol.; food 22.97 
doL, net profit .38.96 dol. 

37. Phyllis: 799 lb., gain 59 lb., 7.509 p. c, milk 4.430.0 lb., fat 
4.38 p. c, butter 228.12 lb., value 57.03 dol.; food 23.83 dol., net profit 
.33.20 dol. 

48. Justine: 647 lb., gain 32 lb., 4.945 p. c, milk 2,465.0 lb., fat 
4.31 p. c, butter 124.95 lb., value 31.24 dol; food 18.65 dol., net profit 
22.94 dol. 

DUTCH BELTED 

31. Belle of Waj-wick: 935 lb., gain 83 lb.. 8.980 p. c, milk 

5.313.2 lb., fat 4.15 p. c, butter 259.80 lb., value 64.95 dol.; food 26.93 
dol., net profit 38.02 dol. 

45. Madeline: 1,028 lb., gain 77 lb., 7.490 p. c. milk 5,661.0 lb., 
fat 3.23, butter 215.26 lb., value 53.81 dol.; food 26.66 dol., net profit 
27.15 dol. 

46. Holland Creamerv: 806 lb., gain 90 lb., 11.166 p. c, milk 

5.287.3 lb., fat 3.36 p. c, butter 209.51 lb., value 52.38 dol.; food 27.21 
dol., net profit 24.17 dol. 

49. Merletta: 918 lb., gain 111 lb., 11.208 p. c, milk 4.715.4 lb., 
fat 3.23 p. c, butter 215.26 lb., value 53.81 dol.; food 26.66 dol., net 
profit 27.15 dol. 

50. Alberta: 1,147 lb., gain 12 lb., 1.046 p. c, milk 3,916.6 lb., 
fat 3.09 p. c, butter 142.42 lb., value 35.60 dol.; food 24.11 dol., net 
profit 11.49 dol. 



76 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



VERMONT EXHAUSTIVE ANALYSIS 



VAPJATIONS IN QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF MILK 

Some eij^hteen years ago the annual report of the Vei-mont Ex- 
periment Station gave the result of an exhaustive analysis. A full 
record had been kept, at the station, of the milk of each cow, year 
after year, and many thousand analyses were mde. A study of the 
records led to the following conclusions, which were given to the ag- 
ricultural public by an American paper, present day folk having 
recognized that farmers' "guess work" must give place to "facts 
and figures," the statement is now reprinted as part of this essay 
on milk inheritance. 

1. — All cows shrink in cjuantity of milk as they get further from 
calving. If they are farrow, this shrinkage in quantity is accom- 
panied by almost no change in quality even until they go dry, pro- 
vided they are still farrow. If they are in calf, the milk increases 
in quality as it decreases in ciuantity. This increase is slight, about 
one-twentieth during the first six months afer calving, but becomes 
quite pronounced just before the cow goes dry. 

2. — Cows that calve in the spring average giving more milk dui'- 
ing the first three months after calving than those that calve in the 
fall. For the 7th, 8th, and 9th month this is reversed. Fall cows 
show smaller variations in the quantity of milk than cows that calve 
in the spring. 

?>. — The milk of a cow for the first few days or weeks after 
calving is very variable in quality. On the average, it is thinnest 
just after calving, becomes slightly richer during the next two weeks, 
and then holds almost uniform in ciuality for four or five months. 

4. — Cows vary in the cjuality of milk from one milking to the 
next, and from day to day, the quality rising and falling without 
apparent cause. Such changes are usually within one per cent, of 
fat, though one cow was known to change 2.68 per cent in two days. 
The least change of any cows in the station herd during an entire 
period of lactation was 0.33 per cent fat, the average change 1.3 per 
cent., and the greatest change 2.78 per cent. The largest variation 
in yield of butter was from milk that required 20 lbs. to make a lb. 
of butter to a quality of milk which would require but 11.7 lbs. It is 
probably possible that cases may occur of a doubling of the richness 
of the milk during difi^erent times in the same period of lactation. 

5. Just after calving the milk is poorer in fat and in solids not 
fat than just before the cows goes dry. The average drop in fat 
is 1.13 per cent., the greatest change being 2.35 per cent., the least 
0.49 per cent. The average change in solids not fat is a fall of 0.47 
per cent, with variations from a decrease of 1.95 to an increase of 
0,42 per cent. 

6. — Most cows give the same quality of milk year after year, 
beginning with this quality at the first calving. There is no general 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 77 

tendency for the milk to become either richer or poorer as the cow 
grows older. 

7. — From one calving to the next, cows may be expected to vary 
the general quality of their milk not much more than a sixth of one 
per cent of fat, and scarcely ever will show a variation of more than 
a quarter of one per cent. 

8. — The milk of a heifer tends to agree very closely in the quality 
to that of her dam. The average variation is a third of one per cent 
of fat. 

9. — The present cheap, rapid and easy methods of testing cows 
leave no excuse for any dairyman not knowing the quality of the milk 
of each one of his cows. If two tests are made, each of a mixed sample 
of four days milk, one being taken six weeks after the cow calves, 
and the other six months after calving, the average of these two 
tests will agree almost exactly with the average quality of the milk 
given during the entire milking period. There will seldom be a dif- 
ference of as much as a quarter of one per cent of fat. 

10.— If it is desired to know from tests nearer together what 
quality of milk a cow gives, very accurate I'esults will be obtained 
by making two tests 15 days apart, four months after the cow calves, 
each test being on a sample of four days' milk. The average of 
these two tests with one-eighth of one per cent of fat added is sur- 
prisingly near the truth for the average ciuality of the year's milk. 

11.^ — In the long run just about the same results are obtained 
whether cows are tested once a month or twice a month. 

12. — Cows that have been properly fed at the barn do not shrink 
in quality of milk when turned to pasture. They usually increase 
both in quality and ciuantity. 

13. — Full feeding with grain at the barn and while the cows are 
on pasture produces a much larger flow of milk during April and 
May, and causes the flow to keep up considerably later in the fall. 

AN AUSTRALIAN ANALYSIS 

Some five years ago the Victoria (Australia) Journal reported 
from the Victorian Dairy Supervisor details of the testing and re- 
cording of a herd of 141 cows. Among these were several pedigree 
Ayrshire and Shorthorn cattle — "typical dairy stock," which came 
through the test of profitable milk production. The total quantity 
of milk delivered at the factory during the year was 769,000 lb. The 
supervisor said the average, 5,390 lb., was "a very fair return." The 
butter fat was a fraction over 4 per cent, save 3.3 in the month of 
June. The cost of grazing and handling a milking herd, allowing 
for the cost of labor, was set down at not less than 5 pounds, 10s. 
per cow a year. Allowing lOd. per lb. for butter fat and Is. per 
gallon for skim milk, a cow yielding 3,000 lb. gave a profit of 12 s. 
6d.; 3,500 lb., 1 pound 12s. lid.; 4,000 lb., 2 pounds 13s. 4d.; 4,500 
lb., 3 pounds 12s. 9d.; 5,000 lb., 4 pounds 14s. 2d. Thus much for 
54 cows. The remaining 87 cows averaged 6,090 lb., and their aver- 
age profit, 6 pounds 18s. 9d., was made up as follows: — 21 each gave 
5,500 lb., 29, 6,000 lb.; 11, 6,500 lb.; 6, 7,000 lb.; 7, 7,500 lb.; 2, 8,000 
lb.; 1, 9,000 lb. "The performances of the good cows overshadow 
those of lower capacity, but the inferior cows eat perhaps as much 
and require the same attention and labor as those which yield ten 
times the income." 



78 DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



ADDENDA (DECEMBER, 1916) 



THE BUFFALO TEST 



The five Red Polled cows were, as stated in the Essay (page 23), 
handicapped in the test, two being 42 days in milk, two 54 days, 
and the 13-yr.-old Tryste — T4, 70 days. The original record ap- 
pears on page 90. I have calculated, by the daily record of Davy 
27th — HI (page 30), the probable return — assuming that May 1st 
was the seventh dav after calving. The return would probablv have 
been: Marigold 2d 7.211.5 lb. milk, Susie 7,480.1 lb., Easter 6,973.7 
lb.. Flora 2d 5.543.4 lb.. Trysle (then 13-yr.-old) 6,871.2 lb. 

A THREE-YEAR-OLD RECORD 

Mr. Grout, on November 29th, sent the Secretary, for presentation 
to the Red Polled Cattle Club of America at its annual meeting on 
December 6th, the following statement: — 

"38454 Lady Golden has broke the world's record for three-year 
old cows, formerly held by Jean Du Luth Beauty (A. R.), having made 
508 lb. butter fat up to November 29th, with 20 days to finish her 
year's work. (Record with first calf). She had gained over a hun- 
dred pounds in live weight since starting her record." 

Lady Golden, of the old Elmer L3 Family, was bom on October 
9th, 1912; live weight when the test began, 1,250 lb. Her dam 
[29276J Goldie — L3, the year after giving birth to Lady Golden being- 
then 5-yr.-old, gave in the year 8,248.5 lb. milk, fat 304.43 lb.; and 
in the next year 9.289.1 milk, fat 360.99. in 333 days. In the first 
seven months of this year's test she had given 365 lb. fat. Her live 
weight, 1,300 lb. 

Ten of the Jean Du Luth Farm herd on November 29th averaged 
over 600 lb. (750 lb. butter — official test — in one year. 

1915-16 MILK RETURNS 

In the Longford Castle Herd, under normal conditions, 21069 
Brill iantine—Ql, 10,207 lb. in 332 days; 1817!) Mona— W3, 14,068 lb. 
in 329 days after her 10th calf. After her sixth calf she milked 576 
days; total vield, 22,500 lb. Her grand total, from September 26th, 
1905 (1st calf), to October 21st, 1916, 125,344 lb. in 3,504 days. As 
is shown on page 47 she was dry in the summer of 1912 173 days, 
there being a late effective service in 1911. She gave birth to her 
11th calf a month ago. 



DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE 



INDEX 



Page 

Inheritance of Dual Purpose Cattle 9 

The New Development 10 

John Reeve's Ideal 11 

The Material 12 

The Experiment 16 

Hybridisation 16 

The Groundwork 18 

Milk Records 19 

Progressive Milk Inheritance 20-50 

Developed Qualities 50 

A Type of Farmers Cow 54 

Butter Inheritance 57 

To Make the Most of a Cow 62 

Method and Manipulations 62 

Beef-Making Inheritance 63 

The Pui-veyors 68 

Model Dairy Test, Pan-American Exposition 71 

Vermont Exhaustive Analysis 76 

An Australian Analysis 77 

Addenda 78 



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